File: 950825_22tr0109_143.txt
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Filename:22tr0109.143
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This document is a captured Iraqi military record.
It is provided in its original form to include Iraqi
classification markings (i.e. Top Secret, Secret, etc.).
These classification markings are NOT U.S. Government markings.
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Official Special Manual
No. 469 May not be circulated out of
the Armed Forces

Manual
for the tactical use of weapons of mass destruction
Volume Two - Part One
Principles of using chemical and biological agents
in wars

This manual replaces the manual (Principles of using toxic chemical and biological
agents) number 469 for 1980 and the manual (Defense against a chemical and biological
warfare) number 230 for 1969.

General Staff of the Army
Training Department First Copy
Directorate of the Chemical Corps December - 1987

Number
Amendments
Date Entered

Distribution Quantity

Quantity (A) 5 copies as a basic material for each department, directorate, and
institution.
Quantity (B) 5 copies as a basic material for commands and formations.
Quantity � 300 copies to the corps school and training center.
Quantity (D) 2 copies for each unit, sub unit, or equivalent in the corps.

Official Special Manual
No. 469 May not be circulated out of
the Armed Forces

Manual
for the tactical use of weapons of mass destruction
Volume Two - Part One
Principles of using chemical and biological agents
in wars

This manual replaces the manual (Principles of using toxic chemical and biological
agents) number 469 for 1980 and the manual (Defense against a chemical and biological
warfare) number 230 for 1969.

General Staff of the Army
Training Department First Copy
Directorate of the Chemical Corps December - 1987

The finest minds are those that learn from other people�s experience.
There are sufficient experiences of people and nations to cope with life
in peace and at war.

President / Commander
Saddam Hussein

Order
This manual was published to train members of the Armed Forces. Therefore, they all have to
carefully abide by its regulations.

[Signature]
Ministry of Defense - Baghdad Lieutenant General / Special Forces
December - 1987 Nizaar Abdul Kareem Faysal Al-Khazragi
Army Chief of Staff

Contents
______________________________________________________________________________
Part Chapter Subject Page
______________________________________________________________________________
One ___ Chemical Warfare 9
One Development of the Chemical Threat 11
Two Classifying and spreading toxic chemical agents
Their purpose 13
Three Types, properties, preventive measures and
decontamination of toxic chemical agents 17
Nerve agents...
Blister agents....
Choking agents....
General effect agents (Blood agents)
Tear agents
Sneezing agents (Vomiting)
Psycho chemicals (Incapacitating agents)
Four Agents that affect the use of the toxic chemical agents 33
Five Analysis of the chemical target and fire plan 41
Six Tactical matters that affect the use of toxic chemical agents 45
in combat fields and special battles.
Seven The chemical defense.... 53
Two __ The biological warfare ... 61
Eight Introduction to the history of biological warfare 63
Nine Classifying and spreading biological agents 65
Ten Characteristics and properties of the biological agents, 69
Methods of dispersion, and difference between biological
agents and toxic chemical agents.
Eleven The military use of the biological agents 72
Twelve Defense against chemical and biological weapons 74

Annexes
Annex (A) Glossary of chemical and biological warfare 79

Annex (B) Types and properties of common toxic chemical agents 88
Their (safety/decontamination/detection/dispersion) measures

Contents
______________________________________________________________________________
Part Chapter Subject Page
______________________________________________________________________________
and infection symptoms
Annex � Spreading toxic chemical agents .... 92
Appendix (1): Weapons that are available in the United 102
Kingdom to spread toxic chemical agents.
Appendix (2): Description of the chemical mines.... 103
Annex (D) Information for the troops� safety (Safety report for troops 104
from chemical attacks)
Appendix (1): Dangerous distances (measured in meters) of 106
non persistent nerve agents with the wind for the unwarned
troops (sudden attack)
Appendix (2): Dangerous distances and duration of toxic 107
chemical agents.
Table Number (1): Downwind safe distance from the 107
fumes upon the attack.
Table Number (2): Downwind safe distance from the 108
fumes after the attack.
Table Number (3): Danger period of liquid toxic chemical 109
Agents in the contaminated area.
Annex (E) Effects of the weather conditions and the nature of the 110
ground on the use of toxic chemical agents.
Appendix (1) Sample of chemical (biological / radiation) 116
weather forecast
Annex (F) Evaluating losses of chemical attacks 119
Appendix (1) Average losses upon using non persistent 120
nerve agents
Appendix (2): Average losses upon using persistent toxic 121
chemical agents.
Table Number (1): Average losses upon using persistent 121
nerve agents.
Table Number (2): Average losses upon using blister 122
agents� fumes.
Table Number (3): Average losses upon using persistent 123
toxic chemical agents by spraying from aircrafts.
Annex (G) Equipment of the chemical defense 124
Annex (H) Chemical training aids 128