[1] Tab A lists acronyms, abbreviations, and glossary terms.
[2] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Reported Mustard Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm" (Case Narrative), August 27, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fisher/.
[3] Lead Sheet 11121, Interview of Private First Class David A. Fisher, May 29, 1997, p. 2-5. We provided a copy of this narrative to Private First Class Fisher and he had no comments.
[4] Tab J lists major changes between this and the original narrative.
[5] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated, p. 1.
[6] Tab E contains a detailed chronology of the events surrounding this incident.
[7] VII Corps Casualty Management Team, "Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Briefing Information," March 23, 1991.
[8] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[9] ARCENT Spot Report, Subject: "Chemical Casualty," 2:45 AM, March 3, 1991.
[10] ARCENT Telephone or Verbal Conversation Record, Subject: "(Update) Possible Blister Casualty in 3AD Sector," 5:40 AM, March 3, 1991.
[11] Lead Sheet 11121, Interview of Private First Class David A. Fisher, May 29, 1997.
[12] ARCENT Telephone or Verbal Conversation Record, Subject: "(Update) Possible Blister Casualty in 3AD Sector," 5:40 AM, March 3, 1991.
[13] VII Corps Battle Control Center Journal Entry, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Guidance from CENTCOM" 6:05 AM, March 3, 1991.
[14] Tab A's glossary contains information on mustard agents.
[15] ARCENT Telephone or Verbal Conversation Record, Subject: "Blister Agent Casualty," 9:50 PM, March 3, 1991.
[16] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[17] VII Corps, Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report Extracts, March 1-6, 1991, p. 45.
[18] VII Corps Battle Control Center Journal Entry, Subject: "Chem. Casualty in 3 AD," 12:00 PM, March 3, 1991.
[19] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, Subject: "CW Requirements Response," March 1991, p. 2.
[20] Lead Sheet 11123, Interview of aviation logistician, 9th Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, October 20, 1999.
[21] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[22] CW2 Ahmed and CW3 Widhalm were physician assistants.
[23] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[24] Lead Sheet 14358, Interview of physician's assistant, 4-8th Cavalry, 3rd Armored Division, February 5, 1998.
[25] Lead Sheet 13383, Interview of surgical physician's assistant, 4-8th Cavalry, 3rd Armored Division, May 21, 1998.
[26] Lead Sheet 14074, Interview of assistant NCOIC, 4-8th Aid Station, August 3, 1999.
[27] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[28] Lead Sheet 18585, Interview of US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense pulmonary specialist, August 17, 1998.
[29] Testimony of Colonel Michael Dunn before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, April 16, 1996, p. 3.
[30] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[31] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Interview of Colonel Michael A. Dunn, M.D., July 13, 1999, p. 6.
[32] Lead Sheet 585, Interview of Private First Class David Allen Fisher, March 6, 1996.
[33] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[34] Lead Sheet 585, Interview of Private First Class David Allen Fisher, March 6, 1996.
[35] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[36] Interview of Colonel Dunn for "60 Minutes," March 1, 1995, p. 2.
[37] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Interview of Colonel Michael A. Dunn, M.D., July 13, 1999, p. 5, 6.
[38] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Interview of Colonel Michael A. Dunn, M.D., July 13, 1999, p. 11, 13.
[39] Lead Sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 1.
[40] Ion intensity measures the amount of ions in a sample compound compared to the amount of ions in a background or normal air sample. The background sample is captured when the Fox MM-1 is started.
[41] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/, p. 8.
[42] Testimony of Richard Vigus, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Fox subject matter expert, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[43] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/ p. 5; US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (FOX) Operations - Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures," August 10, 1994, p. 5-2, 5-3; Lead Sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 1, 5.
[44] Lead Sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 2.
[45] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/, p. 11.
[46] Lead Sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 4.
[47] This is the 5:18 to 7:41 PM entry for March 2, 1991 in Tab E (Chronology of Events) of this report.
[48] Lead Sheet 10905, Interview of Fox vehicle company commander, 22nd Chemical Company, June 6, 1997.
[49] United Nations, Department of Public Information, The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996, New York, New York: United Nations Publication, 1996, p. 656-657.
[50] Lead Sheet 13735, Interview of MM-1 operator, 22nd Chemical Company, August 20, 1999.
[51] This is the 8:30 AM entry for March 4, 1991 in Tab E (Chronology of Events) of this report.
[52] Lead Sheet 10905, Interview of Fox vehicle company commander, 22nd Chemical Company, June 6, 1997.
[53] Memorandum for Record, US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "Analysis/Evaluation of Clothing and Gauze Samples," March 1991.
[54] Lead Sheet 13735, Interview of MM-1 operator, 22nd Chemical Company, August 20, 1999.
[55] Memorandum from US Army Intelligence Center, Combat Support Branch, Subject "MM1 Chemical Agent Detector Printout," December 15, 1993.
[56] Letter from National Institute of Standards and Technology fellow, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, April 16, 2000.
[57] Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Question about video of MM-1," February 23, 2000 at 1807.
[58] Memorandum from US Army Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, Subject: "Review of Case Narrative (draft) - Reported Mustard Exposure Operation Desert Storm - Final Report," May 23, 2000, p. 2.
[59] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[60] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[61] Lead Sheet 16879, Interview of division chemical officer, 3rd Armored Division, August 24, 1999.
[62] Memorandum for Record, 3rd Armored Division, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Occurring During 'Bunker Search and Equipment Destruction Mission' Within the 3AD Area of Operation," June 10, 1991.
[63] Lead Sheet 21670, Interview of division surgeon, 3rd Armored Division, August 6, 1999.
[64] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Interview of Colonel Michael A. Dunn, M.D., July 13, 1999, p. 7, 8.
[65] Memorandum from Chemist, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Subject: "Documentation on Analysis of Persian Gulf War Samples by U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)," March 3, 1995.
[66] Testimony of Colonel Michael Dunn before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, April 16, 1996.
[67] Interview of Colonel Dunn for "60 Minutes," March 1, 1995, p. 5.
[68] Memorandum for Record, US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "Analysis/Evaluation of Clothing and Gauze Samples," March 1991.
[69] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[70] Testimony of Colonel Michael Dunn before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, April 16, 1996.
[71] Memorandum from medical subject matter expert, Subject: "Expert Report on Potential Exposure of PFC David A. Fisher," May 4, 2000.
[72] Memorandum from medical subject matter expert, Subject: "Expert Report on Potential Exposure of PFC David A. Fisher," May 4, 2000.
[73] The Chemical and Biological Defense Command is now the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command.
[74] Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "[name redacted]: Response to Action 3 --- From CPT [name redacted], OSD, 02 Dec 93 14:32," December 7, 1993 @ 1659.
[75] Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "[name redacted]: Response to Action 3 --- From CPT [name redacted], OSD, 02 Dec 93 14:32," December 7, 1993 @ 1659.
[76] This image was extracted from the videotape made when Private First Class Fisher's flak jacket was tested on March 4, 1991.
[77] The Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command reviewed the videotape. Tab H shows the ion relative intensity data each of these organizations extracted and when. Numbers on the chart with an "X" indicate the organization was unable to decipher the complete number while extracting the data.
[78] Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Question about video of MM-1," February 23, 2000 @ 1807.
[79] Central Intelligence Agency, Memorandum, Subject: "Comments on Reported Mustard Exposure Operation Desert Storm Case Narrative (U)," (SECRET) April 14, 2000, p. 5.
[80] Lead Sheet 585, Interview of Private First Class David Allen Fisher, March 6, 1996.
[81] Lead Sheet 11125, Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 22nd Chemical Company, August 13, 1998.
[82] Interview of Colonel Dunn for "60 Minutes," March 1, 1995, p. 3.
[83] Defense Intelligence Agency, e-mail message, Subject: "Gulf War Illness," November 11, 1999 @ 9:42 AM.
[84] Testimony of Robert D Walpole, Special Assistant to the Director, Central Intelligence, for Persian Gulf War Illnesses Issues, Central Intelligence Agency, to the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 29-30, 1997, p. 1.
[85] Lead Sheet 17949, Statement by Charles Duelfer, United Nations Special Commission official, at Presidential Advisory Committee, July 29, 1997.
[86] Defense Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0082-97, "Iraqi Ordnance Clean-up Operations in Kuwait (U)," June 1997.
[87] Lead Sheet 11121, Interview of Private First Class David A. Fisher, May 29, 1997.
[88] VII Corps Telephone or Verbal Conversation Record, Subject: "(Update) Possible Blister Casualty in 3AD Sector," 5:40 AM, March 3, 1991.
[89] VII Corps Battle Control Center Journal Entry, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Guidance from CENTCOM" 6:05 AM, March 3, 1991.
[90] VII Corps Battle Control Center Journal Entry, Subject: "Chem Casualty Update," 11:21 AM, March 3, 1991.
[91] Testimony of Colonel Michael Dunn before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, April 16, 1996.
[92] The company commander failed to recall that his MM-1 also indicated the presence of thiophosgene, as shown on the transcribed printout at Tab G.
[93] Memorandum for Record, US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "Analysis/Evaluation of Clothing and Gauze Samples," March 1991.
[94] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[95] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, Section II, "Definitions and Terms," December 22, 1995, p. 4-5.
[96] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on Mustard, HQ, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[97] Chemical and Biological Defense Command, mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/hooah/pubs/cbdcom98.pdf (as of September 2, 1999).
[98] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, Section II, "Definitions and Terms," December 22, 1995, p. 6.
[99] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[100] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[101] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31.
[102] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 3, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[103] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30.
[104] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on Mustard, HQ, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[105] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 31.
[106] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on Mustard, HQ, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[107] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 37-38.
[108] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[109] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 38-39.
[110] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 2, 8-9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/ (as of October 14, 1999).
[111] US Army Chemical Center, CW Procedural Text for Chemical Corps Field Laboratories, Book 1, Part I, "Chemistry of CW Agents," January 7, 1954, p. 294; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on Mustard, HQ, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[112] Soldier and Biological Chemical Command mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of September 2, 1999).
[113] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[114] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/u/06630.html (as of July 26, 2000).
[115] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[116] On-Line Medical Dictionary, web site www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd (as of August 25, 2000).
[117] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention was opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. It has been signed by 165 states and ratified or acceded to by 106 states as of February 1998. It was signed by the United States on January 13, 1993, and ratified on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. Other protocols and guidelines were found in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment Of Unusual Events In Relation To Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy NAVMED P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas for developing this methodology.
[118] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[119] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[120] "Stand-to," when soldiers take their defensive positions, occurs approximately one-half hour before daybreak. This defensive procedure is also used as an accountability formation.
[121] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[122] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[123] The transcribed Fox test printout at Tab F provides the times and chemical agent alarms for the coveralls test.
[124] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[125] ARCENT Spot Report, Subject: "Chemical Casualty," 2:45 AM, March 3, 1991.
[126] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[127] VII Corps Battle Control Center Journal Entry, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Guidance from CENTCOM" 6:05 AM, March 3, 1991.
[128] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[129] VII Corps, Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report, Enclosure A (Main) to Appendix 2 (Daily Log Summary) to Tab H (NBC Operations).
[130] VII Corps, Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report Extracts, March 1-6, 1991.
[131] Dunn, Colonel Michael A., Information Paper, Subject: "Chemical Agent Exposure Operation Desert Storm," March 5, 1991.
[132] See transcribed Fox test printout at Tab G.
[133] Lead Sheet 10905, Interview of Fox vehicle company commander, 22nd Chemical Company, June 6, 1997.
[134] VII Corps message, Subject: "Chemical Casualty Update," undated.
[135] Lead Sheet 10905, Interview of Fox vehicle company commander, 22nd Chemical Company, June 6, 1997.
[136] Lead Sheet 24842, Interview of platoon sergeant, 4-8th Cavalry, 3rd Armored Division, September 24, 1999.
[137] Department of the Army, Headquarters, 3rd Armored Division (Spearhead), Operation Desert Storm, APO NY 09760-1000, Permanent Order 28-16, March 28, 1991.
[138] General Accounting Office, Report to the House of Representatives, Committee on Veterans Affairs, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 25.
[139] General Accounting Office, Report to the House of Representatives, Committee on Veterans Affairs, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 25.
[140] General Accounting Office, Report to the House of Representatives, Committee on Veterans Affairs, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 26.
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