Abdel-Hafez MM, el-Kady N, Bolbol AS, Baknina MH. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Riyadh district, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1986;80:631-634.
Abdul-Fattah AF, Husseiny AA, Sabri ZA. Desalting in Saudi Arabia-demand production, management, associated power generation and future plans. Desalination. 1978;25:9-44.
Abou Gamra EM, El-Rahman Moussa MA, Fathi OM, Soliman H, Badawi N. Endemicity of giardiasis in Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1983;13:227-229.
Adkins H, Merrell B, O'Rourke T, et al. Travelers' diarrhea among US Navy and Marine Corps personnel during a Western Pacific deployment. Mil Med. 1990;155:111-116.
Ahmed MM, Bolbol AH. The intestinal parasitic infections among children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1989;19:583-588.
Alaa-el-Din MN, Madany IM, Al-Tayaran A, Al-Jubair AH, Gomaa A. Quality of water from some wells in Saudi Arabia. Wat Air Soil Pollut. 1992;66:135-143.
Alaa-el-Din MN, Madany IM, Al-Tayaran A, Al-Jubair AH, Gomaa A. Trends in water quality of some wells in Saudi Arabia, 1984-1989. Sci Total Environ. 1994;143(2-3):173-181.
Al-Ibrahim AA. Excessive use of groundwater resources in Saudi Arabia: impacts and policy options. Ambio. 1991;20:34-37.
APHA, AWWA, WPCF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1980.
Ashkenazi S, Bellah G, Cleary TG. Hallucinations as an initial manifestation of childhood shigellosis. J Pediatr. 1989;114:95-96.
Ashkenazi S, Cleary KR, Pickering LK, et al. The association of Shiga toxin and other cytotoxins with the neurologic manifestations of shigellosis. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:961-965.
Asperilla MO, Smego RA Jr, Scott LK. Quinolone antibiotics in the treatment of Salmonella infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:873-889.
Avery ME, Snyder ID. Oral therapy for acute diarrhea: the underused simple solution. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:891-894.
Bassily S, Farid Z, Lehman JS Jr, Kent DC, Sanborn WR, Hathout SD. Treatment of chronic urinary Salmonella carriers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1970;64:723-729.
Beers LM, Burke TL, Martin DB. Shigellosis occurring in newborn nursery staff. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1989;10:147-149.
Bennish ML, Salam MA, Haider R, et al. Therapy for shigellosis. II. Randomized double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:711-716.
Bratoeva MP, John JF. Dissemination of trimethoprim-resistant clones of Shigella sonnei in Bulgaria. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:648-653.
Chalapati VR, Theodore GM, Melnick JL. Human viruses in sediments, sludges and soils. Bull WHO. 1986;64:1-14.
Chugh TD. Transferable resistance to trimethoprim in enteric pathogens isolated in Kuwait. J Hyg (Lond). 1985;95:391-395.
Chugh TD, Suheir A. Drug resistance among Salmonellae in Kuwait. Trop Geogr Med 1983;35:37-41.
Cohen D, Green M, Block C, et al. Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica). Lancet 1991;337:993-997.
Csaki F, Endredi I. Pollution by nitrates of the subsurface waters in Hungary. In: Duijvenbooden WV, Glasbergen P, Lelyveld HV, eds. Quality of Groundwater. The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.; 1981:89-94.
Damjanovic V, Furtado M, Patmore M. Antibiotic sensitivity of enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in a Sharjah hospital. J Hyg (Lond). 1984; 92:205-208.
Daniell FD, Crafton LD, Waiz SE, Bolton HT. Field preventive medicine and epidemiologic surveillance: the Beirut, Lebanon experience, 1982. Mil Med. 1985;150:171-176.
Davis H, Taylor JP, Perdue JN, et al. A shigellosis outbreak traced to commercially distributed shredded lettuce. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:1312.
Dean AG, Ching Y-C, Williams RG, Harden LB. Test for Escherichia coli enterotoxin using infant mice: application in a study of diarrhea in children in Honolulu. J Infect Dis. 1972;125:407-411.
DeMaio J, Hall K, Bailey L, Boyd R. A major outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis among Air Force personnel during Operation Desert Storm. Mil Med. 1993;158:161-164.
Denbert ML, Sorensen AL, Perez JD, et al. Shipboard investigation of intestinal salmonellosis. Navy Med. 1988;79:26-28.
Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1990;32:23-30.
DuPont HL. Shigella species (bacillary dysentery). In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. 3rd ed. New York, Ny: Churchill Livingstone; 1990:1716-1722.
DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Robinson A, et al. Current problems in antimicrobial therapy for bacterial enteric infection. Am J Med. 1987;82:324-328.
DuPont HL, Hornick RB. Adverse effect of Lomotil therapy in shigellosis. JAMA. 1973;82:1073-1081.
DuPont HL, Levine MM. Hornick RB, Formal SB. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:1126-1128.
Duijvenbooden WV, Loch JP. Nitrate in the Netherlands-a serious threat to groundwater. Aqua. 1983;2:59-63.
Echeverria P, Blacklow NR, Zipkin C, et al. Etiology of gastroenteritis among Americans living in the Philippines. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109:493-501.
Echeverria P, Hodge FA, Blacklow NR, et al. Travelers' diarrhea among United States Marines in South Korea. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108:68-73.
Echeverria P, Ramirez G, Blacklow NR, Ksiazek T, Cukor G, Cross JH. Travelers' diarrhea among U.S. Army troops in South Korea. J Infect Dis. 1979;139:215-219.
Echeverria P, Seriwatana I, Sethabutr O, Chatkaeomorakot A. Detection of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli using nucleotide probes. In: Macario A, Conway de Macario E, eds. Gene Probes for Bacteria. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1990:95-141.
Ericsson CD, DuPont HL, Mathewson JJ, West MS, Johnson PC, Bitsura JM. Treatment of traveler's diarrhea with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and loperamide. JAMA. 1990;263:257-261.
Ericsson CD, Johnson PC, DuPont HL, Morgan DR, Bitsura JAM, de la Cabada FJ. Ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as initial therapy for travelers' diarrhea: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:216-220.
Farid Z, Bassily S, Kent DC, et al. Chronic urinary Salmonella carriers with intermittent bacteraemia. J Trop Med Hyg. 1970;73:153-156.
Forslund J. Groundwater quality today and tomorrow. W H Stat Quat. 1986;39:81-90.
Fried JJ. Groundwater Pollution. The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.; 1975.
Gary GW, Anderson LJ, Keswick BH, et al. Norwalk virus antigen and antibody response in an adult volunteer study. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:2001 -2003.
Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB. Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet 1975;1:1211-1213.
Gotuzzo E, Oberhelman RA, Maguina C, et al. Comparison of single-dose treatment with norfloxacin and standard 5-day treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for acute shigellosis in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33:1101-1104.
Guerra-Caceres JG, Gotuzzo-Herencia E, Crosby-Dagnino E. Miro-Quesada M, Carrillo-Parodi C. Diagnostic value of bone marrow culture in typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.1979;73:680-683.
Gunn RA, Kimball AM, Mathew PP, Dutta SR, Rifaat AH. Cholera in Bahrain: epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak. Bull World Health Organ. 1981;59:61-66.
Haberberger RL, Diniega BM, Mikhail IA, et al. Travelers' diarrhea among United States military personnel during joint American-Egyptian Armed Forces Exercises in Cairo, Egypt. Mil Med. 1991;156:27-30.
Haberberger RL, Thornton SA, Scott DA, Hyams KC. Diarrheal disease aboard a U.S. Navy ship after a brief port visit to a high risk area. Mil Med. 1994;159:445-448.
Halpern Z, Dan M, Giladi M, et al. Shigellosis in adults: epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory features. Medicine. 1989;68:210-217.
Hathout SE, El-Ghaffar YA, Awny AY. Salmonellosis complicating schistosomiasis in Egypt: a new clinical appreciation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. l967;16:162-172.
Helin I, Araj GF. Antibiogram of urinary tract isolates in Kuwait. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18:447-450.
Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, et al. Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:82-88.
Hyams KC, Bourgeois AL, Merrell BR, et al. Diarrheal disease during Operation Desert Shield. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1423-1428.
Islam A, Butler T, Nath SK, et al. Randomized treatment of patients with typhoid fever by using ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:742-747.
Ismail AMA. The quality of irrigation groundwater in Qatar and its effect on the development of agriculture. J Arid Environ. 1984;7:101-106.
Kasim AA, Elhelu MA. Giardiasis in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop (Basel). 1983;40:155-158.
Kassimi MA, Gosling Pl, Khogheer YA. Trends in bacterial gastroententis in the western region of Saudi Arabia. J Hosp Infect. 1985;6:234-235.
Keusch GT, Bennish ML. Shigellosis: recent progress, persisting problems, and research issues. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:713-719.
Khuffash FA, Majeed HA, Sethi SK, Al-Nakib W. Gastroententis in a regional hospital in Kuwait: some aspects of the disease. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1982;2:123-128.
Kligler RM, Hoeprich PD. Shigellemia. West J Med. 1984;141:375-378.
Lakshmanan AR, Krishna TR, Viswanathan S. Nitrate and fluoride levels in drinking waters in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Indian J Environ Health. 1986;28:39-47.
Langenegger O. High nitrate concentration in shallow aquifers in a rural area of central Nigeria caused by random deposits of domestic refuse and excrement. In: Duijvenbooden WV, Alasbergen P, Lelyveld HV, eds. Quality of Groundwater. The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.; 1981:135-140.
Lew JF, Kapikian AZ, Jiang X, Estes MK, Green KY. Molecular characterization and expression of the capsid protein of a Norwalk-like virus recovered from a Desert Shield troop with gastroenteritis. Virology. 1994;200:319-325.
Lew JF, Kapikian AZ, Valdesuso J, Green KY. Molecular characterization of Hawaii virus and other Norwalk-like viruses: evidence for genetic polymorphism among human caliciviruses. J Infect Dis. 1994;170(3):535-542.
Martin DL, Gustafson TL, Pelosi JW, Suarez L, Pierce GV. Contaminated produce a common source for two outbreaks of Shigella gastroenteritis. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:299-305.
Mikhail IA, Fox E, Haberberger RL Jr, Ahmed MH, Abbattee EA. Epidemiology of bacterial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea in Djibouti. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:956-961.
Mikhail IA, Higashi GI, Edman DC, Elwan SH. Interaction of Salmonella paratyphi A and Schistosoma mansoni in hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982;31:328-334.
Mimouni O, Chibane B. Predicting nitrate pollution of Mitidja Plain groundwater. Environ Software. 1989;4:136-141.
Murray BE. Resistance of Shigella, Salmonella, and other selected enteric pathogens to antimicrobial agents. Rev J Infect Dis. 1986;8(suppl 2):172S-181S.
Neves J, Marinho RP, Lobo Martins NR da Luz, De Araujo PK, Lucciola J. Prolonged septicaemic salmonellosis: treatment of intercurrent schistosomiasis with niridazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969. 1969;63:79-84.
Neves J, Martins NR. Long duration of septicaemic salmonellosis: 35 cases with 12 implicated species of Salmonella. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1967;61:541-552.
Oldfield EC III, Bourgeois AL, Omar AM, Pazzaglia GL. Empirical treatment of Shigella dysentery with trimethoprim: five-day course vs. single dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;37:616-623.
Oprandy JJ, Thornton SA, Gardiner CH, Burr D, Batchelor R, Bourgeois AL . Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide probes for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in travelers to South America and West Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:92-95.
Paparello SF, Bourgeois AL, Garst P, Hyams KC. Diarrheal and respiratory disease aboard the hospital ship, USNS Mercy T-AH 19, during Operation Desert Shield. Mil Med. 1993;158:392-395.
Pazzaglia G, Walker Rl. A retrospective survey of enteric infections in active duty Navy and Marine Corps personnel. Mil Med. 1982;147:27-33.
Philbrook FR, Gordon JE. Diarrhea and dysentery. In: Hoff EC, ed. Preventive Medicine in World War II. Vol. 4. Communicable Diseases.Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army; 1958:319-376.
Qadri MH, Al-Ghamdi MA, Imadulhaq M. Acute diarrheal disease in children under five years of age in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 1990;10:280-284.
Raveendran E, Madany IM. The quality of goundwater in Bahrain. Sci Total Environ. 1991;103:177-184.
Rocha H, Kirk JW, Hearey CD. Prolonged Salmonella bacteremia in patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Arch Intern Med. 1971;128:254-257.
Sack DA, Kaminsky DC, Sack RB, et al. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea of travelers: a prospective study of American Peace Corps volunteers. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1977;141:63-70.
Salih SY, Subaa HA, Asha HA, Satir AA. Salmonellosis complicating schistosomiasis in the Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg. 1977;80:14-18.
Scott DA, Haberberger RL, Thornton SA, et al. Norfloxacin for the prophylaxis of travelers' diarrhea in U.S. military personnel. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;42:160-164.
Sethi SK, Khuffash FA. Bacterial and viral causes of acute diarrhoea in children in Kuwait. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1989;7:85-88.
Sethi SK, Khuffash FA, al-Nakib W. Microbial etiology of acute gastroententis in hospitalized children in Kuwait. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:593.
Sharp TW, Thornton SA, Wallace MR, et al. Diarrheal disease among military personnel during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:188-193.
Taylor DN, Sanchez JL, Candler W, Thornton S, McQueen C, Echeverria P. Treatment of travelers' diarrhea: ciprofloxacin plus loperamide compared with ciprofloxacin alone: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:7314.
Taylor WR, Schell WL, Wells JG, et al. A foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:1093-1095.
Tell S, Sara Y. State of the Environment in Jordan. Jordan: Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and the Environment; 1989.
Wallace M, Yousif AA. Spread of multiresistant Salmonella typhi. Lancet. 1990;336:1065-1066.
Williams HMS, Richards J. Single-dose ciprofloxacin for shigellosis. Lancet. 1990;335:1343-1344. Letter.
Wolf MK, Taylor DN, Boedeker EC, et al. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from US troops deployed to the Middle East. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:851-856.
Yousif AA, Alla AQ, Daniels M, Fernandes EL. Shigellosis: species prevalence, incidence, and drug resistance in Bahrain. Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society. 1989;1:52-55 .
Yusop MK, Cleemput OV, Baert L. Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate pollution of groundwater in sandy soils. Environ Pollut (Series B). 1984;7:43-48.
Zajdowicz T. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of shigellosis in American forces deployed to Saudi Arabia. South Med J. 1993;86:647-50.