File: 950718_8tr8_43_j22.txt
Page: 22
Total Pages: 1

Filename:8tr8_43.j22
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This document is a captured Iraqi military record.
It is provided in its original form to include Iraqi
classification markings (i.e. Top Secret, Secret, etc.).
These classification markings are NOT U.S. Government markings.
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[page-8]

Protection and First Aid Against Poisonous Chemical Agents

First: First Aid Against Nerve Agents:
1. Wear protective mask.
2. Exit the contaminated area.
3. Administer Resuscitation Procedure.
4. If some symptoms appear inject Atropine in the muscle. If condition improves
administer a second injection.
5. Clean the body using disinfecting solutions and individual first aid.

Protection Against Nerve Agents:
In general protective gear must be worn as follows:
1. Protective mask 2. Protective coat 3. Leg protection
4. Gloves.

Second: First Aid Against Bubble Agents:
1. Through the skin
A. Wipe the drops dry using muslin.
B. Break the small tube located in the container and shake it 5-6 times.
C. Pierce the big container with the nail located in the cover and use the
solution to disinfect.
2. Through the eyes
Splash water from the bottle or wash the eyes with a 2% Sodium Bicarbonate or a (0.1 -
0.2) solution of Monochloroamine.

Protection Against Bubble Agents:
Using the protective kit #1 which consists of protective mask, protective coat, gloves, and leg
protection.

Third: First Aid Against Choking Agents and other Agents:
1. Wear protective mask
2. Remove the injured from the contaminated area.
3. Provide the necessary comfort for the injured.
4. Facilitate breathing by unfastening the gear and the belts.
5. Provide the injured with a hot drink and some Oxygen.
6. Transport the injured to the unit's treatment site.

Note: Administering resuscitation in the presence of choking agents is strictly prohibited.

Types Of Nuclear Explosions

A. Aerial Nuclear Explosions which occur in the air at an altitude of few hundred meters
where the resulting fire ball does not touch the surface of the earth, and result in little or
no radioactive ground contamination. It is possible to cross the explosion area after some
time without being harmed.

[page-9]

B. Ground Nuclear Explosions: these explosions occur a at ground level where the resulting
fire ball touches the ground and becomes semi-circular in shape. This explosion in
characterized by the emission radioactive clouds mixed with huge amounts of soil which
can then move distances in the wind's direction causing ground contamination.
C. Underground Nuclear Explosions: These are used to destroy facilities and strong
fortifications.
D. Underground and Underwater Nuclear Explosions: aimed at destroying naval targets
(Vessels, battleships, and submarines)

Types of Burns Resulting From Heat Radiation

A. First Degree Burns: slight burns that cause redness of the skin and heals quickly. The
injured does not leave the battle field.
B. Second Degree Burns: ulcers and bubbles develop, and the injured loses the ability to fight
and would be transported to a hospital.
C. Third Degree Burns: The most severe burns of all and are characterized by the
appearance of bubbles and swallowing of the skin and would require long term treatment.

Controlling the part affected by the heat and administering first aid to the burned person would
limit the severity of the injury.
As far as the effect of the heat radiation on tanks, equipment, weapons and ammunition is
concerned, it causes fires in those parts which are susceptible to fire ( [illegible], rubber,
fuel...etc.)

Biological Agents

Types of biological agents that can be used in warfare:

A. Germs: These are micro organisms that carry diseases from one person to the other, or
emit poisons that cause sickness such as the various kinds of fever ( Typhoid- [illegible])
Cholera or Smallpox.
B. Mixed Germs: These are mixes of various germs that cause several diseases
simultaneously.
C. Poisons: These are substances transmitted by germs and may be used separately to
contaminate water supplies and food depots.
D. Germ carriers: Such as insects and certain kinds of animals that transmit germs through
biting or [illegible].

Characters of Biological Agents:

A. Can be spread easily and infect quickly.
B. Short periods of incubation causing breakouts in days or hours.

[page-10]

C. Difficult to detect until after the symptoms of sickness appear.
D. Its resistance to atmospheric conditions.

There are two types of germs:

A. Spore germs: can survive in various atmospheric conditions by developing a protective
cover for itself which protects it against outside effects, and then get rid of the cover
when the conditions are suitable.
B. Non-Spore germs: These germs do not resist the varying and the outside effects and die
quickly. Spore germs requires high degrees of temperature when disinfecting and a long
period of exposure.

Means of Utilizing Biological Agents in Combat:

A. Small airplane bombs which work through shock or on a temporary basis.
B. Parcels of disease-carrying insects discharged from airplanes which break on the ground,
and from which mice, flies, flees, and others are spread.
C. Artificial Cloud Generators (Aerosol).
D. Agents and spies who carry containers filled with germs and poisons to areas of [illegible]
(water sources, depots, etc.)

Ways of Inflicting Human beings with Biological Agents:

A. Through the respiratory system when the air is contaminated with biological agents.
B. Through the digestive system with food or drink.
C. Through the skin and wounds and biting places when one is hit with a germ-contaminated
shrapnel.

Ways of Protection Against Biological Agents:

The most important procedures which must be carried out to insure protection are:

A. Detecting biological agents.
B. Isolating the injured immediately or imposing a health quarantine on the contaminated
area.
C. In-advance inoculation against smallpox, cholera, Typhoid, and other diseases.
D. regular check ups of water resources and food supplies depots.
E. Destruction of germ carriers (rats, flies, mosquitoes) immediately after detecting them
through spraying with exterminating substances.

Outside Elements that Point Out To The Enemy's Use Of Biological Agents:

A. A muffled bomb explosion noise which is weaker than regular bombs.
B. The formation of smoke screens or fog different than smoke created by regular bombs.

[page-11]

C. The presence of drops or powder at the site where the bomb was dropped.
D. The presence of special bomb shrapnel for the spread germs, such as the sudden presence
of insects or rodents in a place where they did not used to be.

"The Yugoslav Protective Mask"
The Purpose of the Mask:
The purpose of the mask is to protect the respiratory systems, the eyes, and the face
from chemical agents, poisonous substances, radioactive material and biological agents.

Description:
The protective mask consists of three major parts which are: the filter, the face apparel,
and the case.
A. The Face Apparel. It contains the following:
1. Face clearance and fabric strings depending on the size of the head.
2. Nose protector.
3. Vision glasses.
4. Filter placement clearance with inhaling valve.
5. Clearance for the placement of exhaling valve with cover.
6. Head strings group.
B. The Filter. It consists the following:
1. The body group which consists of:
a. Metal parts
b. Chemical substances.
c. Filtering papers (Aerosol ready)
2. Filter Cover with a rubber band to prevent leakage.
3. Rubber cork.
C. The Case
First: The case is used to carry the face apparel and the filter. It consists of:
1. The case body
2. Body strap
3. Hook
4. Buckle ( To fasten the strap)
5. Shoulder strap
6. Semi circular rings
7. Fasteners
8. Fabric holders to hold the fasteners.

[page-12]

Second: The inside of the case contains fabric strings with a rubber cork and three pockets.
A piece of cloth is kept in the large pocket to be used for cleaning the mask, while
a piece of cloth treated with soap is kept in the small pocket to be used for
cleaning the inside surface of the vision glasses prior to using the mask. The side
pocket is used to keep the disinfecting and individual aid kit.

Third: The letter ( ) are written on the case cover to indicate the size of the mask inside the
case.

The adequate size of the mask:
Letter Size
S Small
M Medium
L Large

[illegible] putting on and removing the protective mask

To put the mask on we do the following:
1. Stop breathing and close the eyes
2. Pull the face piece and hold it in hands (Thumb to the outside, and fingers to the inside)
3. Put the lower part of the face piece under the chin then pull fingers upward, and wear the
face piece so that vision glasses are facing the eyes.
4. Exhale deeply and open the eyes, then continue breathing normally.
5. Pull the strings to insure that air is not going in to the respiratory system except through
the filter.

Removing the protective mask:
1. The mask is removed by order (Remove Mask), the face piece is held from the valve box
with the right hand and is pushed slightly forward and upward, then the mask is removed.
2. The face piece is reversed and cleaned on the inside with a clean damp cloth and then is
dried.
3. Then the order is given (Fold Mask) and the mask is placed in the case.

How to Pack the Mask:
1. After the filter is securely closed with a metal cover it is put with the filling and the
rubber corks inside the face apparel which is then placed inside the case. The spare filter
is then securely closed from top to bottom and is placed in its designated location inside
the case.
2. The masks packed as described above are placed inside the designated boxes.

[page-13]

The manner the masks are securely packed in different ways in addition to the possibility of
storing them in conditions including hot weather.

The Mask:
[illegible] the protective mask form stoppers, shocks, and strong shaking.
[illegible] or keeping the protective mask near a heater or fire because it can be damaged
by strong heat.
[illegible] the mask in a damp place and avoid leaking water into the filter to prevent
damage.
[illegible] putting anything in the cloth case and lubricate the mask with weapon oil.
[illegible] the mask, the face piece must be cleaned from the inside as well as the glasses
and the upper part of the valve box [illegible] after every use of the mask.

Safety Equipment
Safety equipment for any soldier is the protective mask in addition to other equipment and as
follows:
[illegible] protection number one (1) and it consists of a light suit, protective gloves, and
light leg protection [illegible] in it.
[illegible] protection number two (2) and it consists of a thick suit, rubber leg protection,
rubber gloves, rubber [illegible], and an extra hat.

[illegible] for the protection number (1):
[illegible] light protection number (1) of a shirt, trousers with leg protection,insert the
thumb to the pants with the leg protection [illegible], tie it to the legs and tie it, gloves are
fastened to both thumbs.

[illegible] protective Suit Number (1):
[illegible] the suit on the ground with the hat facing the soldier.
[illegible] the trousers with the leg protection and tie the [illegible] on the protectives.
[illegible] the shirt while the hat remains hanging to the back, and the neck strap is
inserted under the shirt.
[illegible] and the necessary equipment.
[illegible] the protective mask in a stand-by position.
[illegible] the gloves under the [illegible] from front.

[illegible] protective suit number (1):
[illegible] leg protection and the neck strap and the length of the shirt.
[illegible] the mask holder to the left palm.
[illegible] the shirt upward using the length, and is thrown along with the gloves on the
ground.
[illegible] the trousers [illegible] leg protection using both hands from the inside.

[page-14]

5. Move aside and stand in the direction of the wind and the protective mask is
removed.
6. The suit is folded in preparation for packing.

B. Protective Suite No. (2)
The thick protective suit No. 2 consists of the rubber fabric, which is a one piece attached
to the trousers with the shirt and the hat. It is opened in front to two parts. On the left
part there is the neck security piece. Under the shirt's opening there's the chest piece, and
attached to it from top is the neck strap. At the end of the sleeves there are inner sleeves
with rings to be fixed to the big finger of each hand. At the edge there are elongated pieces
to be tightened on the hand, as well as at the bottom end of the trousers [illegible]. The
hat also has a piece to tie it on the head.

How to Put On The Protective Suit No. (2)
1. Push the two legs inside the trousers which have a slightly higher back, then put
on the rubber boots.
2. Pull the trousers over the boots and fasten the buttons at both ends.
3. Insert buttons in the sleeves, the left then the right.
4. Fix the chest piece and fasten the bottom three buttons first on the right side the
on the left.
5. Put the mask in the stand by position.
6. Tighten the suit's waist belt over the mask carrier and fix the gloves below the belt.

How to Take Off the Protective Suit No. (2)
1. Unfasten the neck security piece, the waist belt, and the buttons on the chest
piece.
2. Move the mask carrier to the left shoulder.
3. left the hat towards the back.
4. remove the protective rubber gloves.
5. Pull hands from sleeves, and move shoulders slightly to remove the upper part of
the suit.
6. Remove the trousers with the boots pulling the trousers from top and from the
inside using hands.
7. Remove the protective mask using thumbs by inserting them from the back of the
neck under the back part of the face piece.

The Disinfecting and Individual Aid Kit
The purpose of the kit
1. To disinfect individuals and their equipment contaminated with poisonous
chemical agents.
2. To aid persons injured with nerve agents.
3. To lessen the effects of exposure to [illegible].
4. To lessen the effects of radiation received by individuals in case radioactive agents
were used by the enemy.

[page-15]

The Contents of the Kit
A. The kit contains a large plastic container filled with a 80% water alcohol solution with 6%
Zinc Chloride. Inside there is a glass bottle containing (15-16) gm's of Monochloroamine.
B. The small plastic container which contains the organic substance Sodium Stilfiolite.
C. Atropine injections: The kit contains (10) tablets Aminesilsilate to reduce the effects of
radiation. One tablet to be taken 10/15 minutes before entering the contaminated area, and
would reduce the effects of the received radiation by 50-60%.
D. (4-6) pieces of cotton muslin to remove the [illegible] drops.
E. Two pieces of wood to be used to remove the viscous [illegible] that falls on the body.

The Use of The Kit:
When a poisonous chemical agent is spilled on the skin, the weapons, and the clothing, do the
following:
A. Dry the drops using a piece of muslin. Avoid wiping the area to prevent the spread of
the poisonous agent.
B. Break the glass tube inside the container against the body of the container or any solid
body and shake it well 5-6 times.
C. Pierce the large container with the nail located inside the kit cover, and with a wet muslin
wipe the contaminated area slowly and carefully.
D. Pierce the plastic container with the nail and wet the muslin pieces, then wipe the
contaminated area for one minute.

The Use of the Kit When Etching Agents Are Used:
Some of the chemical agents that are mixed with scratching agents may leak through the
protective mask when putting it on, the following must be done:
A. Pull the edge of the face apparel under the ear lobe.
B. Exhale deeply to push out the air that may leak during the pulling of the face apparel.
C. Break a refreshing tube [illegible] and place it in an inverted position inside the face
apparel and close the nose.
D. If the effect of the scratching agent persists, take a second , third, and a fourth tube.

[page-16]

The Use of The Kit When Inhaling A Low Concentration Nerve Agent

A. Hold the body of the injection needle in the right hand and avoid the left hand.
B. Push down while turning the cover of the Atropine injection to pierce the container until
its contents are emptied. While holding the needle up maintain pressure on the container
so the solution does not leak back again.
C. If the effect of the nerve agent does not disappear a second injection is administered. For
other symptoms the injured is transferred to the nearest medical center. A third injection
is not allowed until a physician is consulted.

The Sequence of Disinfecting procedure

The Sequence of Partial Disinfecting for Individuals of All Kinds:
A. Remove the protective attire, shake off the dust from clothing and then remove the leg
protection.
B. Remove the protective mask and the protective gloves, then wash hands with water.
Next wash the body exposed parts twice or three times and remove dirt from under the
fingernails.
C. Cleanse the nose well and wash it with water. Gargle the mouth well.
D. Those who are wounded, burned or have suffered any other injuries must be treated prior
to administering partial disinfecting on them.

The Sequence of Disinfecting Rifles and Light Machine Guns From All Poisonous
Chemical Agents
A. Partial disinfecting of individual weapons using the solutions in the disinfecting kit and
individual treatment kit while [illegible] the protective mask and the protective gloves as
follows:
1. Find a small piece of muslin.
2. Wipe the visible drops of the poisonous chemical agent using the muslin.
3. Wet small muslin pieces and the cover of the container with disinfecting solution,
then wipe the rifle butt, the trigger mechanism, the magazine, and other
contaminated parts of the weapon. The muslin pieces are then buried.
4. Repeat the procedure using the large plastic container.
5. After finishing the disinfecting process remove the protective gloves, wash the
hands with some of the disinfecting solutions and then bury them in sand.
6. Disinfecting is administered the same way if the Russian individual disinfecting kit
which contains one solution is available.

Burning Substances: How They Are Used and How To Protect Against Them
Burning mixes: These are chemical substances or mixes that cause total destruction of individuals
, weapons, equipment, and others by burning them or inflicting them with heavy damage. They
also destroy the enemy's wooden facilities that are prone to burning. They also force individuals
to vacate their positions or vehicles due to the high increase in temperature that result, in addition
to the psychological effect that they have on the morale of the fighters.

[page-17]

These substances include the mixtures used by foreign armies include the following:
A. Thermite and Electron:
First: This group includes Thermite and its various mixtures, Phosphorous, and Napalm.
Thermite is a mixture of Aluminum powders and Ferrous Oxide. It is
prepared either in a compressed form that is gray in color. Stabilizing
substances are added to it to become in both cases as a [illegible] block.
Thermite does not represent a danger to workers that deal with it because
it is not used except under very high temperature (Over one thousand
degrees C and using special igniters).
Second: Thermite and its mixtures are very effective when igniting. Its temperature
rises to about 3000 degrees C. This heat penetrates storage tanks,
engineering compounds, and dissolves metal.
Third: The electron is a mixture of Magnesium and other metals. It's temperature rises
during combustion to about 2800 degrees C. Thermite may be recognized
in the field by the appearance of a dissolved flameless and smokeless
block. Sand is used to extinguish it. the use of water for extinguishing it
should be avoided because it explodes and causes a dangerous effect in the
area.
B. White and Yellow Phosphorous:
First: This is a solid substance semi [illegible]. It's temperature rises during combustion
to about 900-1200 degrees, and causes severe burns if touches the skin.
Second: If it enters the blood stream it has a strong poisonous effect. Phosphorous
bomb causes fires in materials and facilities. It could be recognized in the
field as a bright yellow flame accompanied by thick white smoke.
C. Napalm:
First: Napalm is considered as the principle substance among the burning mixtures.
Napalm is a special powder and is used to prepare viscous mixtures of
Benzene alone. The temperature of the igniting Napalm on the surfaces of
military missions from 1000-2000 degrees. It could be recognized in the
field as a red flame and a thick black smoke............by sand and fire
extinguishers or plenty of water.
Second: The use of Napalm during the Korean war against targets on the front and
in the rear caused great destruction to major forces, weapons, and other
military equipment.

Ways of Using Substances and Burning Mixtures
A. Burning substances are used by land and air forces. There are Napalm bombs [illegible] (2
kg-250 kg) and small Thermite and Electron bombs that weigh up to two kilograms.
B. Small burning bombs that weigh 2 kg's are used in [illegible] and large containers which can
hold 6-10 of them, and is dropped over a large area.

[page-18]

There also are large containers with a capacity of 300-6300 liters and varying weights that
range from 250-1000 lbs, which cause a burning center with an area of 45x100 meters, and
lasts 5-10.
C. Land forces use light and heavy flame guns in addition to other kinds of artillery guns.

Ways of Protection From Substances and Burning Mixtures

A. The biggest losses which may be inflicted by land forces result from the enemy's use of
burning substances by the air force. Therefore, fighting the enemy's air force is considered
the best means of prevention.
B. Airplanes that use Napalm tanks are forced to fly at low altitudes otherwise the Napalm
does not reach the specific targets. This means that land forces must be trained to fight
against low flying airplanes.
C. Units present in crowded areas or in rear positions must place all equipment and weapons
that can be burned easily in shelters equipped with fire extinguishing facilities.
D. Areas that have shelters and trenches are extremely important in the prevention of
burning substances.
E. To prevent Napalm from being dropped through openings at observation posts, use
special covers that can be easily removed and replaced. Protective shields should also be
erected around the positions.
F. Entrances to shelters must be close to the points of curvature and covered with panels
and sand. Angles of curvature must be sharp to limit the spread of Napalm.
G. Covers for the shelters must provide at least one square meter of cover for each soldier.
H. Fire resistant suits may be used by those who are exposed to Napalm such as [illegible]
flame guns.
I. Flame guns are not effective except on small numbers. Therefore, protecting against these
guns is best when detected early enough and destroyed by fire from outside the range of
the guns.

[page-19]

Classification of Poisonous Chemical Agents
Chemical agents can be classified in different ways. Among these are:

A. By Use:

First. Poisonous and fatal chemical agents: These are substances which cause damage or
death when used in fatal concentrations in the field.
Second. Immobilizing agent: These are substances which cause physiological or
mental damages or both. They prevent individuals from concentrating on
carrying out their assigned tasks.
Third. Disturbing agents: (Crowd control agents: These are agents that have
inflammatory effects when used in areas of concentration).
Fourth. Training Substances: These substances are used for training purposes, and
have characteristics similar to those of the poisonous chemical agents.
They can be used for training, detection, disinfecting, and for testing
protective masks.

C. According to Physiological Effects: Poisonous chemical agents may be classified
according to its physiological effects to fatal poisonous chemical agents, and non-fatal
poisonous chemical agents. These are:
First: Fatal poisonous chemical agents:

1. Nerve Agents: The poisonous aspects of these agents are due to their
effects on certain chemical substances which help to cause vital reactions
inside the body. They affect the Cholinesterase Enzyme which breaks
down Cholinesters that causes muscle contractions. This may result in
shortness of breath due to contractions in the chest muscles. It also causes
contraction of the eye's pupil...etc.

2. Choking Agents: Their main effect is on the lungs when entering the body
through the respiratory system.

[page-20]
3. Blood Agents: When absorbed by the body these agents will affect the
vital processes of the body. They prevent blood oxygen from reaching the
tissues and cells.
4. [illegible] Agents: These agents cause several bodily effects (itching,
redness, small blisters) They also cause general body poisoning since they
affect nuclear acids and especially ( ) acid.
5. Bubble Agents: These agents cause several bodily effects (itching, redness,
small blisters) They also cause general body poisoning since they affect
nuclear acids and especially [illegible] acid.
6. Eye-Watering Agents: These agents cause heavy tears and severe pain in
the eyes. If used in high concentrations they can cause burning of the
skin. The person who is injured by these agents feels [illegible].
7. Agents that have psychological effects (disabling agents): This is a large
group of chemical substances which affect certain nerve cells in the brain,
and causes uncontrollable behaviors for a specific period of time.

The Main Indications of The Beginning of a Chemical Attack

There are indications that signal the beginning of an adversary chemical attack using airplanes.
These are:
A. The appearance of gas clouds or smoke screens or fog condensation in the area of the
explosion.
B. Low bomb explosion noise.
C. The possibility of a strange smell in the area of the explosion.
D. The effects on birds of gases that are caused by the explosions. They may be unable to
fly, and may have symptoms that cause it to run in an abnormal fashion.
E. The presence of oily spots in the area of the explosion and on the ground when the enemy
uses stable poisonous chemical agents.
F. The presence of a tail in the back of the airplane that drops the poisonous chemical
agents. The tail then falls down in a sudden manner, and the speed [illegible].

The indications of the enemy's use of poisonous chemical agents in the form of gas or smoke take
place if the wind is blowing from the direction of the enemy towards our troops. The suitable
weather conditions are (wind speed of 8-10 meters per second). Hot weather is not suitable for
this use because the smoke screen disappears quickly or rises. There are indications that signals
the start of the enemy's launch of poisonous chemical agents and smoke. The most important of
these indications are:
A. The shining of explosion as the containers of smoke are launched, and the whistling sound
when the gas tanks are launched.
B. the appearance of a smoke screen or moving fog in the direction of the wind coming from
the direction of the enemy.
C. The feeling of immediate effects such as an abnormal smell, the inflammation of
respiratory systems, watery eyes, coughing, general weakness, or the loss of vision.

A. The changing of the kinds of vegetation and trees. B. The presence of oily spots on the
ground or other tasks. C. The presence of an abnormal and unfamiliar smell associated
with the poisonous chemical agents that was not present previously. D. The presence of
dead birds or animals

[page-21]

1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant
Abdul Elah Hadi Hamza Mohammed Khalil Mazen Abdel karim

1st Lieutenant
Suhail Mahmoud Shaker

Second. In the semi-automatic pursuit
(1) in the direction (30 degrees / sec)
(2) in the altitude (18 degrees / sec)

11. The deviation in the side cross-beams. The cross-beams are parallel to the elongated
beams when the gun is in moving position. There is a common clamp for the cross-beam
in both the moving and the firing positions, which elevated the support of the cross-
beams in the old gun. This resulted in retarding the gun's preparation procedure while the
gun ammunition was being maintained during engagement, and its rotation in all directions.

12. The difference in the hoisting hook: A metal piece was added to the side of the hook to
control the bullet pin during emptying operation which makes the emptying kit a one-
piece kit as opposed to two pieces previously.

[page-22]
(this page is the same as bottom of page 21)

[page-23]
(Handwritten calculations)

105 divided by 5 =

570-465= 105

42 x 5 = 210

100
485 28

25 x 4 = 100
30 x 5 = 150 100
43 x 5 = 215
465

570 33
485
15

[page-24]

Chemical Training Instructions

-Second Section-

[page-25]

1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant 1st Lieutenant
Abdul Elah Hadi Hamza Mohammed Khalil Mazen Abdel karim

1st Lieutenant
Suhail Mahmoud Shaker

[page 26]

The differences between the Chinese made anti aircraft guns
57 mm model and the rest of the 57 mm anti aircraft guns

There are some modifications and additions to the 57 mm guns and they are summed up as
follows:

The Electrical Firing Apparatus
1. This apparatus was added to the 57 mm model 59 for the purpose firing by battery guns
with central control by the battery commander and simultaneously. By adding this
apparatus it is possible to eliminate some of the guns personnel except personnel
number(6) the filler, and ammunition personnel numbers ( 7, 8). The main objective of
adding this apparatus is to concentrate the battery fire on the target, and eliminating the
time difference between firing the gun and the moment the firing order is given, and
pushing the foot firing pedal. Therefore, the time between issuing the firing order to the
guns through the caller and receiving it by the personnel and pressing on the foot firing
pedal is eliminated. The battery commander is therefore able to centrally fire the gun
from the command post by pressing the electrical firing button of the battery commander.
This apparatus is located on the upper part of the cradle and consists of the following parts:
A. The magnetic coil
B. A magnetic piece
C. Delay Crowbar. (This crowbar is common between the electrical firing apparatus and the
foot firing pedal).
D. The conductivity box which conducts the electric power to the electrical firing apparatus.
On the right hand side of the box there is a button which connects and disconnects the
electric power to and from the electric firing apparatus.
E. The electric firing button for the commander of the battery, and is connected through a
cable on the main distributing box.

[page-27]

The Gun Rotating Disc
2. This disc is located in box number (11) of the battery along with four fastening nails, two
are short and the other two are long. This disc is used to rotate the gun 180 degrees. In
the event that the battery is transported on a narrow road and reaches a destroyed bridge
where the gun cannot be rotated as it is hooked to the trailer, in this case the disc may be
used to rotate the gun in any direction.

How to Use The Disc
A. Change the gun's position from moving to firing position without lowering the hoist so
the fixed base of the gun would be on the ground.
B. raising the barrel to the maximum angle of elevation (87 degrees).
C. Placing the four fastening nails in such a way that the long nails would be placed in
between the balancing arms of the rear axle (from the side of the pulling connection), and
the short nails would be placed between the balancing arms of the front axle (from the side
of [illegible] the barrel)
D. Raising the barrel [illegible]
E. Raising the gun by lowering the hoists for the purpose of inserting the turning disc under
the middle of the gun base, and raising the tires off the ground.
F. Putting the rotating disc under the gun.
G. Raising the hoists to the maximum so the gun is supported on the disc, and thus the gun
can be rotated in any direction.

The [illegible] Target
3. the [illegible] Target for the Chinese made 57 mm gun mark 59 differs from the [illegible]
target for the old 57 mm guns in the following dimension:

[page-28]

9. Difference in the shape of the [illegible]: The [illegible] of the Chinese gun may be hooked
together to make it easier to continue firing, and to help the filling personnel to control the
position of the [illegible] in the filler.
10. The difference in some of the characteristics, we sum them up as follows:
A. The weight of the gun in the moving position (4750 kg).
B. The weight of the high explosive round (6.47 kg).
C. The weight of the armor piercing round (6.45 kg).
D. The weight of the barrel without the breech block (270 kg).
E. The weight of the barrel with the breech block (324 kg).
F. The number of [illegible] and the [illegible] for the barrel bore (24 [illegible] and
[illegible])
First. The distance between [illegible] and [illegible] is (57 mm) which is the
caliber of the weapon.
Second. The distance between [illegible] and [illegible] is (58.8 mm).
Third. The width of the [illegible] (2.45 mm).
Fourth. The width of the [illegible] (5 + 0.03 mm).
G. Length of the chamber (370 mm).
H. Length of standard recoil from (300 mm - 360 mm) the maximum recoil is (370
mm).
I. Length of the twisted part (3565 mm).
J. Elevation of the gun in moving position (2.46 mm).
K. The speed of visual firing (105 - 120 rounds/minute).
L. The maximum oblique range for the projectile is (8800 m).
M. The position of the muzzle reduces the barrel force by 38%.
N. The front oil damper reduces the recoil force of the barrel by 32%.
O. The angle of front axle rotation (45 degrees) to the right and to the left.
P. The speed of the gun's movement:
First: in the automatic movement:
(1) in the direction (24 degrees / second)
(2) in the elevation (15 degrees / second)

[page-29]

Protection and First Aid Against Poisonous Chemical Agents
First: First Aid Against Nerve Agents:
1. Wear protective mask.
2. Exit the contaminated area.
3. Administer Resuscitation Procedure.
4. If some symptoms appear inject Atropine in the muscle. If condition improves
administer a second injection.
5. Clean the body using disinfecting solutions and individual first aid.

Protection Against Nerve Agents:
In general protective gear must be worn as follows:
1. Protective mask 2. Protective coat 3. Leg protection
4. Gloves.

Protection Against Bubble Agents:
Using the protective kit #1 which consists of protective mask, protective coat, gloves, and leg
protection.

Third: First Aid Against Choking Agents and other Agents:

1. Wear protective mask
2. Remove the injured from the contaminated area.
3. Provide the necessary comfort for the injured.
4. Facilitate breathing by unfastening the gear and the belts.
5. Provide the injured with a hot drink and some Oxygen.
6. Transport the injured to the unit's treatment site.

Note: Administering resuscitation in the presence of choking agents is strictly prohibited.

Types Of Nuclear Explosions

[page-30]

C. Underground Nuclear Explosions: These are used to destroy facilities and strong
fortifications.

D. Underground and Underwater Nuclear Explosions: aimed at destroying naval targets
(Vessels, battleships, and submarines)

Types of Burns Resulting From Heat Radiation
A. First Degree Burns: slight burns that cause redness of the skin and heals quickly. The
injured does not leave the battle field.

B. Second Degree Burns: ulcers and bubbles develop, and the injured loses the ability to fight
and would be transported to a hospital.

C. Third Degree Burns: The most severe burns of all and are characterized by the
appearance of bubbles and swallowing of the skin and would require long term treatment.

Biological Agents

Types of biological agents that can be used in warfare:
A. Germs: These are micro organisms that carry diseases from one person to the other, or
emit poisons that cause sickness such as the various kinds of fever ( Typhoid- [illegible])
Cholera or Smallpox.

B. Mixed Germs: These are mixes of various germs that cause several diseases
simultaneously.

C. Poisons: These are substances transmitted by germs and may be used separately to
contaminate water supplies and food depots.

D. Germ carriers: Such as insects and certain kinds of animals that transmit germs through
biting or [illegible].

Characters of Biological Agents:

A. Can be spread easily and infect quickly.
B. Short periods of incubation causing breakouts in days or hours.

[page-31]

C. Difficult to detect until after the symptoms of sickness appear.
D. Its resistance to atmospheric conditions.

There are two types of germs:
a. Spore germs: can survive in various atmospheric conditions by developing a protective
cover for itself which protects it against outside effects, and then get rid of the cover
when the conditions are suitable.
b. Non-spore germs: These germs do not resist the varying and the outside effects and die
quickly. Spore germs requires high degrees of temperature when disinfecting and a long
period of exposure.

Means of Utilizing Biological Agents in Combat:
A. Small airplane bombs which work through shock or on a temporary basis.
B. Parcels of disease-carrying insects discharged from airplanes which break on the ground,
and from which mice, flies, flees and others are spread.
C. Artificial Cloud Generators (Aerosol).
D. Agents and spies who carry containers filled with germs and poisons to areas of [illegible]
(water sources, depots, etc.)

Ways of Inflicting Human beings with Biological Agents:
A. Through the respiratory system when the air is contaminated with biological agents.
B. Through the digestive system with food or drink.
C. Through the skin and wounds and biting places when one is hit with a germ-contaminated
shrapnel.

Ways of Protection Against Biological Agents:
The most important procedures which must be carried out to insure protection are:
A. Detecting biological agents.
B. Isolating the injured immediately or imposing a health quarantine on the contaminated
area.
C. In-advance inoculation against smallpox, cholera, Typhoid, and other diseases.
D. regular check ups of water resources and food supplies depots.
E. Destruction of germ carriers (rats, flies, mosquitoes) immediately after detecting them
through spraying with exterminating substances.

Outside Elements that Point Out To The Enemy's Use Of Biological Agents:
A. A muffled bomb explosion noise which is weaker than regular bombs.
B. The formation of smoke screens or fog different than smoke created by regular bombs.

[page-32]

The Purpose of the Mask:
The purpose of the mask is to protect the respiratory systems, the eyes, and the face from
chemical agents, poisonous substances, radioactive material and biological agents.

Description:
The protective mask consists of three major parts which are: the filter, the face apparel, and the
case.
A. The Face Apparel. It contains the following:
1. Face clearance and fabric strings depending on the size of the head.
2. Nose protector.
3. Vision glasses.
4. Filter placement clearance with inhaling valve.
5. Clearance for the placement of exhaling valve with cover.
6. Head strings group.
B. The Filter. It consists the following:
1. The body group which consists of:
a. Metal parts
b. Chemical substances.
c. Filtering papers (Aerosol ready)
2. Filter Cover with a rubber band to prevent leakage.
3. Rubber cork.
C. The Case
First: The case is used to carry the face apparel and the filter. It consists of:
1. The case body
2. Body strap
3. Hook
4. Buckle ( To fasten the strap)
5. Shoulder strap
6. Semi circular rings
7. Fasteners
8. Fabric holders to hold the fasteners.

[page-33]

Third: The letter ( ) are written on the case cover to indicate the size of the mask inside the
case.

The adequate size of the mask:
Letter Size
S Small
M Medium
L Large

[illegible] putting on and removing the protective mask
To put the mask on we do the following:
1. Stop breathing and close the eyes
2. Pull the face piece and hold it in hands (Thumb to the outside, and fingers to the
inside)
3. Put the lower part of the face piece under the chin then pull fingers upward, and
wear the face piece so that vision glasses are facing the eyes.
4. Exhale deeply and open the eyes, then continue breathing normally.
5. Pull the strings to insure that air is not going in to the respiratory system except
through the filter.

Removing the protective mask:
1. The mask is removed by order (Remove Mask), the face piece is held from the
valve box with the right hand and is pushed slightly forward and upward, then the
mask is removed.
2. The face piece is reversed and cleaned on the inside with a clean damp cloth and
then is dried.
3. Then the order is given (Fold Mask) and the mask is placed in the case.

How to Pack the Mask:
1. After the filter is securely closed with a metal cover it is put with the filling and
the rubber corks inside the face apparel which is then placed inside the case. The
spare filter is then securely closed from top to bottom and is placed in its
designated location inside the case.
2. The masks packed as described above are placed inside the designated boxes.

[page-34]

The manner the masks are securely packed in different ways in addition to the possibility of
storing them in conditions including hot weather.

[page-35]

5. Move aside and stand in the direction of the wind and the protective mask is
removed.
6. The suit is folded in preparation for packing.

How to Take Off the Protective Suit No. (2)

1. Unfasten the neck security piece, the waist belt, and the buttons on the chest
piece.
2. Move the mask carrier to the left shoulder.
3. left the hat towards the back.
4. remove the protective rubber gloves.
5. Pull hands from sleeves, and move shoulders slightly to remove the upper part of
the suit.
6. Remove the trousers with the boots pulling the trousers from top and from the
inside using hands.
7. Remove the protective mask using thumbs by inserting them from the back of the
neck under the back part of the face piece.

[page-36]

The Use of The Kit
When a poisonous chemical agent is spilled on the skin, the weapons, and the clothing, do the
following:
A. Dry the drops using a piece of muslin. Avoid wiping the area to prevent the spread of
the poisonous agent.
B. Break the glass tube inside the container against the body of the container or any solid
body and shake it well 5-6 times.
C. Pierce the large container with the nail located inside the kit cover, and with a wet muslin
wipe the contaminated area slowly and carefully.
D. Pierce the plastic container with the nail and wet the muslin pieces, then wipe the
contaminated area for one minute.

The Use of the Kit When Scratching Agents Are Used
Some of the chemical agents that are mixed with scratching agents may leak through the
protective mask when putting it on, the following must be done:
A. Pull the edge of the face apparel under the ear lobe.
B. Exhale deeply to push out the air that may leak during the pulling of the face apparel.
C. Break a refreshing tube [illegible] and place it in an inverted position inside the face
apparel and close the nose.
D. If the effect of the scratching agent persists, take a second , third, and a fourth tube.

[page-37]

The Use of The Kit When Inhaling A Low Concentration Nerve Agent

The Sequence of Disinfecting procedure

Burning Substances: How They Are Used and How To Protect Against Them

Burning mixes: These are chemical substances or mixes that cause total destruction of individuals
, weapons, equipment, and others by burning them or inflicting them with heavy damage. They
also destroy the enemy's wooden facilities that are prone to burning. They also force individuals
to vacate their positions or vehicles due to the high increase in temperature that result, in addition
to the psychological effect that they have on the morale of the fighters.

[page-38]

[page-39]

Ways of Protection From Substances and Burning Mixtures

[page-40]

Classification of Poisonous Chemical Agents
Chemical agents can be classified in different ways. Among these are:
A. By Use:
First. Poisonous and fatal chemical agents: These are substances which cause damage or
death when used in fatal concentrations in the field.
Second. Immobilizing agent: These are substances which cause physiological or
mental damages or both. They prevent individuals from concentrating on
carrying out their assigned tasks.
Third. Disturbing agents: (Crowd control agents: These are agents that have
inflammatory effects when used in areas of concentration).
Fourth. Training Substances: These substances are used for training purposes, and
have characteristics similar to those of the poisonous chemical agents.
They can be used for training, detection, disinfecting, and for testing
protective masks.

B. According to stability: Poisonous chemical agents are divided into stable (non
fragmenting) and non-stable (fragmenting).
Stable poisonous chemical agents: Theses are agents that maintain its poisonous
characteristics for few minutes or hours, such as Hydrogen Cyanide, and Chloro Cyanide,
and Phosgene. The stability of the agent depends on its physical characteristics (boiling
point, freezing point, and evaporation) and on the environmental conditions (soil
temperature, and air temperature). For example, lower temperatures may evaporate the
agents slowly which would increase its presence time. Also the evaporation of chemical
agents in solid earth is faster than that in loose earth.
C. According to Physiological Effects: Poisonous chemical agents may be classified
according to its physiological effects to fatal poisonous chemical agents, and non-fatal
poisonous chemical agents. These are:
First: Fatal poisonous chemical agents:
1. Nerve Agents: The poisonous aspects of these agents are due to their
effects on certain chemical substances which help to cause vital reactions
inside the body. They affect the Cholinesterase Enzyme which breaks
down Cholinesters that causes muscle contractions. This may result in
shortness of breath due to contractions in the chest muscles. It also causes
contraction of the eye's pupil...etc.
2. Choking Agents: Their main effect is on the lungs when entering the body
through the respiratory system.

[page-41]
3. Blood Agents: When absorbed by the body these agents will affect the
vital processes of the body. They prevent blood oxygen from reaching the
tissues and cells.
4. [illegible] Agents: These agents cause several bodily effects (itching,
redness, small blisters) They also cause general body poisoning since they
affect nuclear acids and especially ( ) acid.
6. Eye-Watering Agents: These agents cause heavy tears and severe pain in
the eyes. If used in high concentrations they can cause burning of the
skin. The person who is injured by these agents feels [illegible].
7. Agents that have psychological effects (disabling agents): This is a large
group of chemical substances which affect certain nerve cells in the brain,
and causes uncontrollable behaviors for a specific period of time.

The Main Indications of The Beginning of a Chemical Attack

A. The shining of explosion as the containers of smoke are launched, and the whistling sound
when the gas tanks are launched.
B. the appearance of a smoke screen or moving fog in the direction of the wind coming from
the direction of the enemy.
C. The feeling of immediate effects such as an abnormal smell, the inflammation of
respiratory systems, watery eyes, coughing, general weakness, or the loss of vision.

There are indications to the presence of poisonous chemical agents on tasks and others: The
poisonous chemical agents used can be identified [illegible] or through the artillery bombs and
mortars by the following apparent characters:
A. The changing of the kinds of vegetation and trees. B. The presence of oily spots on the
ground or other tasks. C. The presence of an abnormal and unfamiliar smell associated
with the poisonous chemical agents that was not present previously. D. The presence of
dead birds or animals

[page-42]

Keys:
1. Intersection of the left "Sadadah"
2. 1500 mm
3. Intersection of the right "Sadadah"
4. 120 mm
5. 431 mm
6. Intersection of the simple Sadadah
7. 165 mm
8. Intersection of Barrel Axis

REMARKS:
WHEN INSPECTING THE STRAIGHTNESS OF THE "AIMING PARTS " AND
THE CONGRUENCE OF THE BARREL'S AXIS WITH THE SIMPLE"AIMERS,
THE ZEROING
TARGET MUST BE PLACED 50 METER AWAY FROM THE NOZZLE STAND.
THE MINIMUM DISTANCE OF THE TARGET LOCATION IS 30 METERS.
4. THE MAXIMUM SPEED THAT CAN BE SET UP ON THE
SPEEDOMETER OF THE CHINESE - MADE 57MM GUN, MARK 59, IS
(350 M/ SECOND ). THUS THE AIR TARGETS WHICH HAVE A SPEED
WHICH EXCEEDS THE SPEED OF SOUND CAN BE TARGETED.
5. THE MANIPULATION OF THE OLD RANGE DRUM TAKES THE SHAPE
OF A CYLINDER, WHILE THE RANGE DRUM OF THE CHINES GUN
TAKES THE FORM OF A GRADUATED RANGE DISC. THE MAXIMUM
RANGE THAT CAN BE SET UP ON THIS DISC IS (70 HECTOMETER)
INSTEAD OF (80 HECTOMETER).
6. SHORTENING THE LENGTH OF THE OLD GUN RULER WHICH IS (200
MM) LONG, TO MAKE IT (171.43 MM).
7. THE DIFFERENCE IN THE ODOMETER RECORDER CONTROL WHILE
IN MOVING POSITION. IT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY RAISING THE
RECORDER AND ROTATING IT (90 DEGREES) TO THE RIGHT OR TO
THE LEFT, AFTER SETTING THE SPEED TO ZERO, THEN SETTING THE
RANGE TO 25 HECTOMETER.
8. THE DIFFERENCE IN THE LOWNESS ANGLE. IT IS POSSIBLE TO
LOWER THE CHINESE GUN'S BARREL TO (-5 DEGREE) ANGLE. AS A
RESULT OF THIS FEATURE, THE HEIGHT OF THE ARMOR WERE
LOWERED BY (13CM) IN COMPARISON TO THE PAST.