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File: 950825_22tr8891_143.txtFilename:22tr8891.143 ********************************************* This document is a captured Iraqi military record. It is provided in its original form to include Iraqi classification markings (i.e. Top Secret, Secret, etc.). These classification markings are NOT U.S. Government markings. ********************************************* Types, properties, (protective / decontamination / detection / contamination) measures, and symptoms of the main toxic chemical agents (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Ref Type Toxic chemical agent Mili. Sym. Properties How they penetrate the body State Color Odor Density / air Boiling Point C0 Freezing Point C0 Volatility (mg/l) Solubility Durability 1 2 3 4 5 N E R V E A G E N T S Sarin GB All nerve agents are liquid s except some VX agents that are solids All pure nerve agents are clear except Tabun that is brownis h All pure nerve agents are odorless. Impure agents have a fruity odor except Soman that smells like camphor and VX agents that have the odor of organic sulfuric components 4.86 147 - 56 16.8 at 25 C0 All nerve agents are slightly soluble in water (except for Sarin that is very soluble). They are very soluble in organic solvents and oil derivatives and can penetrate porous surfaces, dyes, and rubber Most nerve agents last in the field for some hours and depend on the weather conditions, the nature of the area, and the use except for VX agents and Tabun that may last some days They attack humans through the respiratory system, skin pores, and eyes as well as through the digestive system Soman GD 6.33 167 -70 to -80 3.07 at 25 C0 Tabun GA 5.63 246 -39 to -50 0.61 at 25 C0 DFB DFP 6.4 183 -82 5.6 at 20 C0 VX series VX High. Depend on the agentŐs molecular weigh More than 300 Less than -30 The maximum density is between 0.001 and 0.0001 at 0 C0 & 20 C0 6 7 8 9 10 11 B L I S T E R A G E N T S Sulfuric Mustard Pure: HD Impure H All blister agents are liquid s except phos- gene oxime that may be in crystal or liquid pure: clear. Impure: dark mocha Pure: odor like castor oil. Impure: odor like garlic and organic sulfuric components 5.4 217.8 German 227.8 American pure: 14.5 0.61 at 20 C0 All bubbling agents are slightly soluble in water (except for Phosgene Oxime) and very soluble in organic solvents and oil derivatives. Most of them can penetrate porous surfaces and rubber. All bubbling agents last for many hours to many days except Phosgene Oxime that lasts for only a few hours Most attack humans through the respiratory system, skin, digestive system, and eyes except for Phosgene Oxime that attacks through the respiratory system and the skin Nitrogen Mustard s HN-1 pure: clear. Impure: yellow- ish brown light fishy odor 5.9 85 under 15 mm pressure -34 1.09 at 20 C0 HN-2 odor like soap in low concentrations . Odor like fruit in high concentrations . 5.4 75 under 15 mm pressure -65 to -60 2.48 at 25 C0 HN-3 Pure: odorless 6.9 138-137 under 15 mm pressure -4 0.12 at 25 C0 Lewisite L pure: clear changes graduall y to purply black odor like geraniums 7.2 190 -18 2.3 in 20 C0 Phosgene Oxime CX clear releases an unpleasant odor 129 or 53-54 under 28 mm pressure 12 13 CHOK ING AG EN TS Phosgene CG Gas Clear odor like newly cut grass or green corn or rotten hay 3.4 8.2 German 7 American -128 6370 at 20 C0 slightly soluble in water and very soluble in organic solvents and oil derivatives last for a few minutes to a few hours Di- phosgene DP Liquid 6.9 128 -57 54.3 at 20 C0 (3) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Agents Preventive measures Decontamination Symptoms First aid Field inspection Means Sarin Soman Tabun DFB VX series Protective tools (a) are used for individual protection. They consist of a protective mask, a protective suit, light protective gloves, and light foot protectors. Conditioned and non conditioned shelters are used for group protection The following disinfectants are used through equipment and various factors (decontamination quantity, supplies, and vehicles) 1. [illegible] Detergent 2. Ammonium [illegible] 3. Decontamination solution 2 which consists of: a. 2% Sodium Hydroxide b. 5% Monoethanolmine c. 20% Ammonia d. 73% water 4. [illegible] basic solutions 5. Ammonia solution 6-Phenyl ammonium 1. Pinpoint eye pupils 2. Difficult breathing 3. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 4. Muscle cramps 5. Cold sweat 6. High pressure and low heart beats 7. Uncontrollable bowel and urine movements 8. Paralysis, and death in overexposure. 1. Wear a protective mask immediately then the rest of the protective equipment. Leave the contaminated area if permitted. 2. Use the atropine shot if you feel any symptoms 3. Provide artificial respiration 4. Inject another atropine shot (after 10 minutes) if the infected person symptoms did not improve. 5. Disinfect the contaminated part of the skin with the solution of the small and large containers (depending on the agent type). 6. Induce vomiting in case the contamination reached the stomach. 7. Contact the closest medical facility if needed. The following methods are used to inspect the field: 1. AgentŐs properties 2. Infection symptoms 3. Effects on the area as well as distinctive signs and symbols on chemical ammunition 4. Number of chemical reconnaissance (Russian and German) 5. Chemical detection equipment in the chemical reconnaissance vehicles (GSB, MGSB etc.) 6. German detection sheets 7. Field laboratory 1- Artillery 2- Mortars 3- Missiles 4- Aircraft sprinklers 5- Aircraft bombs 6- Hand grenades 7- Mines 8- Rocket Artillery (launchers) Sulfuric Mustard Nitrogen Mustards Lewisite Phosgene Oxime The following disinfectants are used through equipment and various factors (decontamination quantity, equipment, and vehicles) 1. [] Detergent 2. Ammonium [] 3. Decontamination solution 1 which consists of: 10% dichloramine diluted in dichloroethane or 5% hexachloro[illegible] in dichloroethane 4. Monochloramine solution in 10% of alcohol 5. Sodium sulfate 6. Sodium carbonate 7. Thionyl chloride 8. Sulfurate chloride 9. Sodium bicarbonate Skin: 1. Red with a slight burn 2. Small bubbles after some time (they depend on the agent) 3. Large bubbles (they depend on the contamination level) Respiratory system: 1. Dry mouth 2. Difficult breathing 3. Intense coughing and hoarse voice 4. Headaches and nausea 5. Gradual loss of voice 6. Respiratory tract inflammation 7. Death in overexposure Eyes: 1. Red eyes and a feeling of a sand in eyes 2. Itching and allergy to the light 3. Inflammation of the tear tissues that is accompanied by [ ] 4. When drops hit the eyes, they cause permanent blindness Digestive system: 1. Inflammation of the internal tissues of the digestive system (pharynx, [illegible] etc. 2. Decrease in strength and headaches 1. Wear a protective mask immediately then the rest of the protective equipment. Leave the contaminated area if permitted. 2. Remove the drops on the skin with the gauze cloth in the decontamination and first aid tools 3. Disinfect the contaminated area with the large container solution after preparing it. 4. Wash eyes with a solution of 2% Sodium Bicarbonate, 0.2 % of Monochloramine or use a large quantity of water. 5. Gargle with a solution of 2% of Sodium Bicarbonate 6. Evacuate the infected persons to the closest medical facility if needed. The following methods are used to inspect the field: 1. AgentŐs properties 2. Infection symptoms 3. Effects on the area as well as distinctive signs and symbols on chemical ammunition 4. Number of chemical reconnaissance (Russian and German) 5. Chemical detection equipment in the chemical reconnaissance vehicles 6. German detection sheets 7. Field laboratory Phosgene Di- Phosgene Protective masks and conditioned and non conditioned shelters are used. There is no need to decontaminate in the field Infection symptoms appear after 4 to 5 hours (incubation period) 1. Accelerate breathing 2. Intense coughing that is accompanied by nose discharges that may sometimes contain blood. 3. Headache and dizziness that are accompanied by chest and throat pains. 4. Excessive heart beats, a general weakness, and difficult breathing 5. Cyanosis on the skin of the face, ears, and hands. 6. In extreme cases, death during the first two days due to the break in air vessels and the status of the lungs that are full of liquids and blood. 1. Wear the protective mask immediately and leave the contaminated area if permitted. 2. Provide the necessary rest to the infected person 3. Make breathing easier by releasing the equipment, belts, clothing buttons 4. Give the infected a hot drink and oxygen through breathing. 5. Move the patient to the first aid unit location or any medical center if necessary. Remark Do not provide artificial respiration The following methods are used to inspect the field: 1. AgentŐs properties 2. Infection symptoms 3. Effects on the area as well as distinctive signs and symbols on chemical ammunition 4. Number of chemical reconnaissance (Russian and German) 5. German detection sheets 6. Field laboratory 1. Artillery 2. Mortars 3. Missiles 4. Aircraft sprinklers 5. Aircraft bombs 6. Hand grenades Annex (b) (2) (13) Agents Effective Average Dosage Lethal Average Dosage Lethal Dosage through breathing ICt-50 mg.mn/liter absorption through skin ID-50 mg/mg of wt. through digestive sys. ID-50 mg/mg of wt. through breathing LCt-50 mg.mn/liter absorption through skin LD-50 mg/mg of wt. through digestive sys. LD-50 mg/mg of wt. through breathing LCt-100 mg.mn/liter absorption through skin LD-100 mg/mg of wt. through digestive sys. LD-100 mg/mg of wt. Sarin Soman Tabun DFB VX series 0.75 for the average person 0.1 for the average person 0.0195 for rabbits during internal injection 0.28 0.1 - 0.14 5.6 for porpoises 0.75 for the average person 0.1 for the average person 0.13 for mice 0.04 10 - 20 0.02 - 0.04 0.3 for the average person 0.4 for the average person 0.48 for mice 5 1.5 - 2 50 - 20 5 0.013 5 for mice 7.5 for rabbits 4 50 - 70 0.04 0.05 for mice 0.005 2 Sulfuric Mustard Nitrogen Mustards Lewisite Phosgene Oxime Phosgene Di phosgene (2) 0.2 through the eyes 1.5 10 1.5 - 2 60 - 70 estimated 2 -3 (9) 0.2 through the eyes 1.5 20 0.1 through the eyes 3 (2.5) 0.2 through the eyes 1.5 Estimated 10 1.5 more than 1.5 and less than 0.3 through eyes 1.2 -1.5 100 3 1.6 3.2 6 1.6 3.2 6 Types, properties, (protective / decontamination / detection / contamination) measures, and symptoms of the main toxic chemical agents (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Ref Type Toxic Chemical Agent Mil. Sym. Properties How they penetrate the body State Color Odor Density / air Boiling point C0 Freezing point C0 Volatility (mg/liter) Solubility Durability 14 General effect agents (Blood agents) Hydrogen Cyanate AC Liquid Clear Odor like bitter almond 0.93 25.6 - 26.6 -14 1075 at 25C0 soluble in water and organic solvents They last for a short period Through the respiratory system in the field 15 Cyanogen Chloride CK Gas in normal conditions has a stimulant odor 2.1 13.1 -65 6132 at 25C0 slightly soluble in water and very soluble in organic solvents 16 Sneezing agents (vomiting) Adamsite DM bright crystals bright yellow crystals when pure and dark green when impure has an unpleasant odor they do not evaporate at normal temperatures and may spread as aerosols in the air 410 195 0.00002 at 20C0 slightly soluble in water and very soluble in organic solvents especially acetone they last for a few minutes Through the respiratory and digestive systems 17 Diphenyl chloroarsine DA solid clear crystals when pure and gray when impure has no distinctive smell 333 (German) 3.7 (American) 44 0.072 American 0.0068 German at 20C0 18 Diphenyl cyanoarsine DC 290 (American) 346 (German) 30 (American) 31.5 (German) 0.0279 at 20C0 19 Tear agents Chloro acetophenone CN Solid crystals clear stimulant odor like apple blossoms 5.3 244 - 345 54-55 0.03 at 20 C0 slightly soluble in water and very soluble in organic solvents and oil derivatives effective for a few minutes Through the respiratory system only 20 Bromobenzyl cyanate CA pure: solid crystals, impure: solid or liquid reddish brown pure: clear impure: brown or dark tan odor of citrus fruits 6.7 137 under 15 mm pressure 25 0.13 at 20 C0 21 Chloropicrin PS liquid clear for pure and greenish yellow when exposed to air has an unpleasant odor of the plants 5.7 113 -69.2 184 at 20 C0 22 Orthochloro benzyl malono nitrate CS solid crystals white has the smell of peppers 315-310 93-95 0.1 at 20 C0 23 Psycho- Chemicals biamide ethyl lysergic acid LSD- 25 solid crystals clear odorless 198-200 slight velocity not soluble in water unless like salt. very soluble in organic solvents effective for a few minutes Through the respiratory system 24 B Z BZ solid crystals white odorless 322 soluble in water,organi c and non organicacids 25 Mescaline - oily liquid 180 35-36 the crystals it develops with the acids are soluble in water (2) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Type Preventiv e measures Decontamination Infection symptoms first aid Field Detection Means General Effect Agents Protective mask and conditioned and non conditioned shelters No need for a decontamination operation in the field 1. Burn and metal taste in mouth 2. A strange feel in mouth 3. Nausea, vomit, and tremors. 4. Headaches and general weakness 5. Difficult breathing 6. Eyes irritation, watery eyes upon infection with Cyanogen Chloride 1. Wear a protective mask immediately and leave the contaminated area if permitted by the mobilization. 2. Inhale one phial of amyl nitrate for 3 minutes 3. Inhale another phial every five minutes if the pressure did not go below 80 ml (with the supervision of a doctor). 4. Remove all clothing, wash the contaminated area , start artificial respiration, and provide oxygen 5. Gastric lavage and removal of the stomach contents in case the digestive system was infected. 1. Properties of the agent 2. Infection symptoms 3. Distinctive signs and symbols on the chemical ammunition 4. Number of chemical reconnaissance (Russian and German) 5. Chemical detection equipment that exist in the chemical reconnaissance vehicles. 6. German detection sheets 7. Field lab 1. Artillery 2. Mortars 3. Missiles 4. Aircraft sprinklers 5. Aircraft bombs 6. Hand grenades Sneezing agents No need for a decontamination operation in the field. If there is, large amounts of water are used in decontamination The following symptoms appear after a incubation period of many seconds to many minutes: 1. Intense coughing and sneezing with continuous salivation and nose discharges. 2. Pains in the chest and the forehead, watery eyes, difficult breathing, feeling of exhaustion, and fears. 3. Vomiting 4. Cause general poisoning to the body upon entering through the digestive system or cuts - since they contains sarin 1. Wear a protective mask immediately and leave the contaminated area if permitted by the mobilization. 2. Wash the contaminated area of the skin with water and soap. 3. Wash the eyes with large amounts of water and do not scratch or stretch 4. Remove the crystals that fall on the skin by shaking or using large amounts of water 5. Always expose the face to fresh air. 1. Properties of the agent 2. Infection symptoms 3. Distinctive symbols on the chemical ammunition 4. Field Lab Containers Tear agents No need for a decontamination operation in the field 1. Infected, red, and watery eyes. 2. Irritation and inflammation of the respiratory system. Salivation and nasal discharges. 3. Breathing difficulty and chest pains 4. Pinpoint eye pupils 5. Dizziness of the head 6. Burn in the humid parts of the body 7. A high dose can cause vomiting. 1. Wear a protective mask immediately and leave the contaminated area if permitted by the mobilization. 2. Wash eyes with a solution of 2% bicarbonate or wash them with large amounts of water Do not close or scratch. 3. Be exposed to fresh air 1. Artillery 2. Mortars 3. Missiles 4. Aircraft sprinklers 5. Aircraft bombs 6. Containers Psycho- chemicals 1- Wash body with water and soap 2- Wash eyes with water 3- Decontaminate clothing by washing with water or dusting. 4. Decontaminate weapons and equipment with alkaline solutions or detergents. Then, wash in water. Vacuum and pressured air may also be used 1- pinpoint eye pupils 2. Increase in heart beats 3. Loss of control, balance, memory, and capacity to think. 4. Laughing with no reason 5. Hallucinations 6. Change in the shape of the eyes 7. Skin color changes into greenish 8. Schizophrenia 1. Wear a protective mask immediately and leave the contaminated area if permitted by the mobilization. 2. Quickly put the infected persons under control so that they do not perform acts that may lead to more losses or chaos within the military units (2) (13) Type Effective Average Dosage Lethal Average Dosage Lethal Dosage through breathing ICt-50 mg.mn/liter absorption through skin ID-50 mg/mg of the wt through the digestive sys. ID-50 mg/mg of the wt. through breathing LCt-50 mg.mn/liter absorption through the skin LD-50 mg/mg of the wt. Through the digestive system LD-50 mg/mg of the wt. through breathing LCt-100 mg.mn/liter absorption through the skin LD-100 mg/mg of the wt Through the digestive sys. LD-100 mg/mg of wt General effect Agents about 4.5 4.5 1.5 - 2 7 - 14 mg/l for a period of 5 - 10 minutes 60 - 90 7 11 4 Sneezing Agents 0.022 for a one minute exposure and 0.08 for a one hour exposure 15 3 mg/ l when exposed for 10 minutes 0.012 for more than 10 minutes of exposure 15 1.5 mg/1 when exposed for 10 minutes 50 - 70 0.03 for 30 seconds of exposure, 0.02 for a five minute exposure 10 1 mg / l when exposed for 10 minutes Tear Agents 0.08 estimated 11 0.85 mg/l when exposed for 10 minutes 0.03 very little diffusion in the field 0.35 mg/l leads to death due to the destruction of the lung vessels 20 0.0 - 0.02 25 for the average person Psycho- Chemicals 2-3 15 200
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