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This document is a captured Iraqi military record.
It is provided in its original form to include Iraqi
classification markings (i.e. Top Secret, Secret, etc.).
These classification markings are NOT U.S. Government markings.
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Annex C
Methods of delivery of toxic chemical agents and their characteristics
Air methods

Aircraft spray
1. Spray tanks in aircrafts (whether regular, guided, or combat) provide an efficient method
to use a certain amount of the agent far better than any other weapon.
2. Persistent agents such as Mustard or VX can be launched from tanks in the slip-stream of
the aircraft where the liquid shattered due to the extreme air into small droplets that fall
towards the ground depending on its final speed. The large drops fall in the upwind
sprayed area while small droplets fall slower and therefore are exposed to the effect of the
wind for a longer period and move to a farther distance. As to the small droplets, they
evaporate or spread before reaching the ground. However, it is possible to minimize this
loss by adding a thickener to increases the agentÕs density and make large drops.
3. Spraying thick (viscous) or light (not viscous) liquids will show remarkable differences in
the contamination level of the hit area. The surface of the spray area that is usually
downwind, depend on the altitude and speed of the aircraft, wind velocity, the amount of
agents to be sprayed, and the aircraftÕs position in the wind. Naturally, the upwind part
of the sprayed area is the most contaminated area.
4. To get a result when spraying toxic chemical agents (non viscous), the process should
occur at low altitudes and not exceed 150 meters. At higher altitudes, drops of a toxic
chemical agent will evaporate, shatter, and become useless.
5. When spraying viscous liquids (toxic chemical agents) at low altitudes, the ground toxicity
will be limited due to the very quick fall of all the viscous drops. This method is used
only when severe contamination levels are required. Aircrafts that flight at low altitudes
are vulnerable to anti aircraft weapons especially when flying over altitudes that are above
150

meters. Spray is unlikely from aircrafts at altitudes that are more than 150 meters.
However, at very high altitudes (3000 meters or more), it cannot be controlled.
6. Low altitude spray that is vertically directed for the wind, may cover 1000 meters deep
downwind for each aircraft. The contamination of the ground will certainly be sufficient to
force the troops to take the necessary protective procedures. The length of the
contaminated area depends on the cargo. It may range between one to many kilometers if
the spray attacks were at low altitudes and the process occurred along the direction of the
wind. Then, the contaminated area will be small but the contamination level will be more
than the vertical spray towards the wind. The contamination level that is usually expected
from the low altitude spray ranges from a fraction of a gram to many grams for each
square meter.
7. The spray falls at a speed average of 300 meters / minute. This is not affected by the
clouds. Spay can be easily identified if the aircraft is seen during the spray process.
Otherwise, it would be very difficult to identify because the drops are very small. The
fallout period is short and cannot be felt by any person even if the drops fell on
uncovered skin.
8. Spray attack people mainly through the skin. However, drops may develop and be so
small that they evaporate immediately and cause remarkable risks even of low volatility
toxic chemical agents such as mustard. Spray drops may also be so large that they cannot
penetrate shelters. Any head cover also gives a good protection. The spray attack may be
less effective in cold weather where troops (that are not wearing protective equipment)
are wearing thick clothing for protection from cold. This will automatically delay the
penetration of the toxic chemical agents into the skin. It may even prevent them fully.
Aircraft Bombs
9. The advantages of aircraft bombs are that they contain a large amount of the toxic
chemical agent and they are so accurate that can be dropped in areas that are beyond the
range of the ground weapons. It is also possible to direct a load on the target that is far
lager than thee one that can be directed by normal artillery. The process of equipping
aircrafts with toxic chemical agents (chemical ammunition) is usually easier than loading it
to ground weapons.
Massive bombs

10. Non persistent agents
A massive bomb that weighs 1000 pounds and is filled with a non persistent agent may
be made to explode in confrontation or at a very low altitude. Such bombs contain a very
explosive substance (their force equals a medium explosive) with a chemical charge of
60%. Severe risks will develop in the explosion area due to contamination through the skin
(in addition to the risks of shrapnel from the very explosive substance) due to drops and
high concentrations of the vapors that occur in that area. The sudden reaches its peak due
to the low explosion. The area above which there is a non persistent toxic chemical cloud
will be relatively small and this is not the ideal way to use the agent..
11. Persistent agents
Massive bombs that are filled with persistent agents may be exploded at an altitude of
some hundreds of meters. Contrary to artillery shells, shells cover a large area with liquid
spray.
A simple explosion to open the light cover of the bomb container is all that is needed
since air velocity shatters the liquid that become falling sprays. An explosion may be
reached in the air after calculating the fallout period from the high aircrafts and having
recourse to valves that work with the change of the air pressure or the effect of the size of
the liquid drop. The contaminate area on the ground resembles the one that occurs when
spraying toxic chemical agents from the air or the shape of area will be almost oblong.
This due to the fact that drops are launched from one source. Thus, a small and very
effective area will form followed by larger areas but they are less contaminated towards
the wind and both sides as well. Also, when spraying from aircrafts, the affected area will
shrink and its contamination level will increase every time the launching area altitude
decreases or the effective wind velocity decreases. If a large amount of bombs were
dropped at the same time on a wide area, the result will be a reason to multiply the effect
of each bomb.
Cluster bombs
12. Cluster bombs include a container in which there are small bombs. They can be dropped

from an aircraft in the same way massive bombs are dropped.
A cluster bomb container is designed to open at an altitude that is appropriate to spread
bomblets with wind velocity. It may reach 1500 meters. The container may consist of a
reinforced box that is shattered by the aircraftÕs air current. Then, the bomblets disperse.
The dispersion of the bomblets that weigh about one kilogram each cause the spread of
the toxic chemical agent that is more regular and less costly than one single massive bomb.
Bomblets may be filled with any type of toxic chemical agent. They may also be spread
by using a propelled or explosive charge of TNT. The may resemble sometimes fireworks
and contain spraying tools that release air that help the aerosols to fly.
13. The average between the weight of that agent (substance) and the weight of the bomb in
castor bombs is slightly less than the average in the regular massive type. However, due to
the agentÕs consistency when thrown by cluster bombs, the contamination area increases.
As to the sudden impact that is caused by the cluster bombs, it is less than the one caused
by the ground explosion regular bombs. This is due to the elevation of the explosion.
Bomblets
14. Bomblets that are directly fired by aircrafts during a low altitude flight, hit a small area
that has severe local risks. Filling these bombs with non persistent chemical agents is most
probable.
Large amounts of the toxic chemical agent are expected to be lost in the holes if the bombs
were designed to cause contamination with the liquid or spray after a collision. The
warning that is available for defense will be shorter than any other warning of an air attack
at a low altitude.
Other air weapons
15. Air missiles
30 mm missiles could spread an appropriate amount of the agent to the target due to its
high fire range. They may be used to handle small but difficult targets by using non
persistent chemical agents where a cloud injects its drops into the area that is reinforced
against attacks with conventional weapons.

16. Air to ground rockets
They are various types that range from a 2 Knot with a warhead that is half a kilogram
wide and reaches large methods. They are in effect massive bombs with propellants.
These rockets have a high speed when they hit the target. They tend to cause large holes.
Thus, a large amount of toxic chemical agents is wasted because of mixing with the holes.
This type of weapon is usually filled with persistent chemical agents. Since they are very
accurate, they are used in handling the appropriate small targets
Long range missiles
17. Missile heads that are usually larger than an air bomb are carried on a guided or ballistic
missile. They are filled with any type of chemical agents.
18. Non persistent chemical agents
They are formed due to ground explosions that hit and explosions that occur in the air at a
low altitude. They resemble highly concentrated but local clouds. Therefore, they give us
the best use of non persistent chemical agents. As to long range missiles, they carry a large
load and there is big chance that they may not hit the target. Therefore, they may most
probably be loaded with various types of small canisters clusters. The blast is timed to be
in the air to be spread on a large area that can cover a circle with a half diameter of 1000
meters. The missile explodes at an altitude that may reach 1500 meters. Keep in mind that
canisters reach the ground 10 seconds after the missileÕs explosion.
19. Persistent chemical agents
They may be used in the same manner massive shelling is used. They explode in the air
and have the same properties. However, due to the missileÕs high speed, the charge will
disperse and spread to a large area if the anti-dispersers were not added to the missile.
(Conventional) ground weapons
Artillery shells
General
20. These shells are distinctive because they fire the available artillery and do not need special
training other than identifying the amount of bombs that are required for each duty. They

can be fired at any target within the missileÕs range with the same accuracy. Concentrated
shelling may be relatively and quickly planned and carried out. When the target is far from
our troops, the direction of the wind is not important. On the other hand, the amount of
agents in the bomblets is considered small (about 5% of the weight and this percentage
increases with the increased amount. Therefore, there is a need for large amounts of
ammunition in some cases.
Explosive bombs with a non persistent toxic chemical agentsÕ charge
21. Highly explosive bombs that are designed to cause an effect from vapors. Therefore, air
explosions are considered useless. The closer they are to the ground, the more effective.
The charge may consist of 4 parts of the agent and a part of the explosives. Although the
effect comes from the vapors, the secondary effect may be among the liquids that do not
evaporate during the explosion in or around the bombÕs hole. The effect of their vapors
remains for a number of hours. In addition, they are shrapnel of the bomb that may
consist of half the effect of bombs with the same caliber.
22. The troops may cross or attack the targets that were hit by such ammunition (chemical)
after taking all the appropriate protective measures (even if partial). However, occupying
and remaining in these areas is not risk free. Usually, the constant danger is concentrated
in the holes of the bombs. Using a large amount of explosives in such bombs affects the
function of the toxic chemical agent since this cause their dissolution after explosion
because of heat except for Mustard and Sarin that are sufficiently persistent.
Using less than 105 mm bombs is not possible due to their small size. More than 155 mm
bombs are considered very effective when used as separate shots. In order to get the most
out of the sudden impact, they are fired in a concentrated way, a short time, and against
limited targets.
23. Usually, these bombs resemble their similar others. The same valve is used for their
explosion.
Explosive bombs with a persistent toxic chemical agentsÕ charge
24. Ground explosion
A chemical bomb can be used with small charges to reduce the dispersion of a persistent
liquid chemical charge. Thus, substantial dangers lie contaminated spots, drops, and soil.

The sound and shrapnel effects may be far less than the bombs or chemical bombs with a
non persistent toxic chemical agent and that are of the same caliber.
25. Air explosion
The charge must be very small and the explosion at a very low altitude to prevent it from
becoming volatile drops.
Base ejection shells
26. This type of shells is considered one of the best methods to spread toxic chemical agents
to targets in the shape of drops or air sprays. The shell may be launched over the target or
when hitting the ground. The explosionÕs altitude resembles that of smoke bombs or
similar bombs . Air explosions are distinctive because they are very weak and may be
clearly distinctive from very explosive bombs. The launched liquids may be seen a few
seconds after the explosion. One bomb may affect the area in the shape of a feather (leaf)
that is tens of meters wide (towards the wind) and hundreds of meters long. The toxic
chemical agent will spread or shatter in them to the highest level of contamination where
they reach about one to two grams for each square meter (1 or 2 gm / m2). The
morphology of the ammunition will be high due to the inaccuracy in firing that is caused
by the wind effects.
27. Carrier shells
A carrier shell may be used to launch fireworks or aerosols generators that fall on the
ground after launching the charge. A large part of it is not lost after being buried. It is
unnecessary to make the generators charges limited to volatile toxic chemical agents since
almost any type of toxic chemical agents may be used.
Mortars
28. Mortars would have been considered very effective weapons for firing chemical weapons
if it were not for their limited range. A bomb carries more that the artillery shell (10% of
the charge). Their low speed when they hit a target reduces the risk of losing the toxic
chemical agent in and around the bombÕs hole.

29. The main characteristics of mortars are the continuous and quick speed, high mobility that
allows launching local and severe chemical attacks. These attacks may be mainly against
people. However, they can be used to contaminate the ground especially vital paths .
Mortar ammunition may be loaded with any type of toxic chemical agents.
30. Explosion by clashing with mortar bombs (chemical) is not unlikely. However, due to the
slow primary speed of the mortar bomb and its high generator (almost vertical), an air
explosion is more practical. Therefore, mortars may be more responsive than artillery to
spread the drops or the detergents and give way to various chemical attacks.
Multiple missile launcher
(Artillery)
31. Free fall missiles are distinctive from other ammunition of the same caliber. When using
multiple missiles, a wide area can be contaminated immediately. Due to the wide area hit
by missiles, they are considered the weapons for targeting an area that may reach 1000 m2
for the large amounts. When using this weapon also, the shape and size of the area are
different since they depend on the range. It is usually a circle in the main ranges. Missiles
may be loaded with any type of toxic chemical agents.
32. The percentage of the agent is more than that in the bombs. It is more than 15 % of the
charge. The missileÕs ranges may reach 15 kilometers. However, the fire and bustle may
lead to losing the sudden impact that is provided by the other weapons even in the shorts
ranges.
Various weapons
Contamination vehicles
33. A contamination vehicle mainly contains a tank that is mounted on the body and is filled
with persistent toxic chemical agents that are sprayed by compressed air. The average
load of a vehicle is enough to cause severe contamination to a lot of land 300 meters long
and 15 meters wide. This method is distinctive since the agent is launched whenever or
wherever needed provided that it is possible to secure these delicate vehicles in the
appropriate time and place. Helicopters such hovercrafts may also be used for this task
also.

Chemical mines
34. Chemical mines may come in many shapes and types. A launched mine may throw a
considerable amount of liquid (toxic chemical agent liquid) in the air. This may hinder the
usual decontamination process of a mine field to a large extent because it contaminates the
ground. Mines can also be used like containers of toxic chemical agentsÕ liquids. They are
equipped with small charges that are controlled by electricity or safety fuse. Such mines
are usually used in sabotage operations, bridges, and the evacuation process. Such mines
may range between specially designed mines that contain 20 to 25 liters and simple
containers such as cans.
35. One of the most important characteristics of a chemical mine is the local and severe
contamination effect that leads to extreme danger when continuously persistent.
Appendix (2) lays out a description of the chemical mines
Direct fire weapons
36. Shots that shatter on the target (destructive bombs)
When attacking solid targets such as tanks, charges that are loaded with a liquid agent are
fired. When they hit the target, they shatter and cause severe contamination from the
vapors and drops of the toxic chemical agents. Such charges (they may be light weapon
charges) are very effective against targets that do not have protective methods (Air filters)
or when sudden impact can be achieved.
37. (Piercing) Explosive bombs
The blast that is necessary to explode any bomb of a chemical type may carry fumes of a
toxic chemical agent and liquids spots through the cracks of the solid target that is
resistant to ordinary ammunition. The most important advantage of these weapons is
they may have considerable effects of the bombs that slightly misses the target. It is also
possible for some penetration of the toxic chemical agent to occur against sites that are
equipped with air pressure methods. Any type of artillery, rifles, or missile launchers
may be used that can carry out this type of attack.

38. Piercing shells
15 to 25 mm piercing charges may be used to penetrate light armors that contain a small
amount (up to 5cm3) of the toxic chemical agent. This amount can give the lethal dose in a
closed area such as the tank.
39. Hand grenades and short range bombs
Lethal toxic chemical agents do not have charges that are appropriate for small and short
range shells. However, incapacitating toxic chemical weapons have appropriate charges
such as Chloracetophenone and CS. These methods are usually used for training purposes
and to control riots.

Appendices
Appendix (1): Weapons that are available in the United Kingdom to spread toxic chemical agents.
Appendix (2): Description of chemical mines.

Weapons that are available in the United Kingdom to spread toxic chemical agents
Appendix (1)
of Annex C

No.
Delivery
system
Type of toxic chemical agents

Longest range
with chemical ammunition
in Kilometers
(Km)
Number of launches
that may be fired
with precision during
15 seconds

Blister Agents
Nerve agents

Persistent
Non persistent

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
105 mm mortar
150 mm artillery
155 mm artillery
175 mm artillery
8 Knot artillery
Ò [] JohnÓ missile
Sergeant missile
120 mm tank
81 mm mortar
One gallon chemical mine
250 pound aircraft bomb
750 pound aircraft bomb
Aircraft spray (from two canisters)
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
9.5
17
14.9
31.5
17
34
139
5
4.1
-
-
-
-
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
-
-
-
-

Appendix (2)
of Annex C
Chemical mines
General view of their use
1. The purpose of using chemical mines that are filled with persistent nerve agents or blister
agents is to prevent the enemy from using certain territories, delay the process of opening
holes (paths) in minefields, and inflict casualties on the forces that cross the mine areas.
Chemical mines may consist of chemical fields only or mix with mine fields against tanks,
people, or both. Minefields become then chemically mixed.
Chemical minefields
2. They may be used to contaminate vital locations where bridges and sabotage operations
are underway. The explosion of chemical minefield must be fully or partially organized
once the enemy is or about to enter the field area. In order to keep the contamination
effect, it must be reinforced sometimes such as using the chemical ammunition through the
artillery.
3. The responsibility of blowing up the minefield should be assigned to the commander who
is responsible for protecting the field. When the wind direction is from the field towards
our troops, precautions must be taken to warn our troops to take protective measures
from toxic chemical agents vapors that blow with the wind.
Minefields that are injected with chemical mines
4. In such fields, chemical mines are mixed with other types. The (chemical/regular)
percentage of the mines depends on the movement of the enemy. Using regular mines
reduces the speed of the troops that cross the area. This leads to increasing the time the
troops were exposed to contamination with toxic chemical agents and to increase the
possibility of contamination. Adding chemical mines to regular fields leads to complicating
the process of opening holes (paths) where troops who open holes are forced to wear
individual protective clothing.
Description of a chemical mine (theory)
5. The description of a chemical mine is a theory only for the purpose of study and
discussion.

However, it is the description of a real chemical mine.
6. The concept of operating a chemical mine (about 5 liters) is when it is affected by either
pushing or pulling a field wire, the container jumps about (3) three meters high due to the
effect of a bullet from the exterior (it resembles the English antipersonnel mine, grade -2).
It leads to contaminating individuals, equipment, and vehicles that exist in the explosion
area. The mine that explodes with pressure for a small distance should be under ground to
decrease the possibility of exploding due to other explosions (mines, artillery bombs)
7. The description of the mine may be as follows:
a. Weight
Empty: 4 kilograms
Filled with 5 liters of persistent nerve agents: 8.5
Filled with 5 liters of blister agents: 10 kilograms
b. Range
Maximum half a diameter: 200 mm
Maximum altitude: 200 mm
8. Density
a. Minefields infected with chemical mines
Mines are planted at a distance of 35 meters for all directions so that they lead to
contaminating each field. Such a contamination is considered sufficient to
guarantee the objectives that were mentioned for such a field.
b. Chemical minefield
Mines are planted 25 meters apart for all directions