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File: 082696_doc1_029.txt
Weapon Sites." Washington Post, 9 Febru- 22. Smith, "CIA Cites European Role in with a very large entrance, reinforced steel
\\ary 1989: William Webster, Director of More Gas-Weapon Sites. floor. and a heavy duty crane. The Produc-
Central intelligence Agency, Statement on 23. Atropine sulfate is a nerve gas anti- tion Building is larger. Its halls have a
Global Spread of Chemical and Biological dote. If injected as soon as symptoms of height of 36 meters and are stocked with
Weapons before the Senate Committee on poisoning are felt, it can increase the vic- sophisticated machine tools. For more de-
Governmental Affairs, n.d.; Carus, "Chem- tim's chances of survival. tails, see: "The New Merchants of Death,"
ical Weapons in the Middle East." 24. Since 1980, the German Federal In- reprinted from Der Spiegel, in World P"ess
13. Thom Shanker, "Mideast Becoming telligence Service (BND) has received a Review. March 1989: Ledeen, "The Curious
Chemical Hots pot," Chicago Tribune, 2 steady stream of reports indicating that Case of Chemical Warfare." Apparently.
April 1989: Juan 0. Ta mayo, "Gulf Night- Libya had, or was trying to acquire, a CW though, many of these features are perfect-
mare: Chemical Bombs' Use May Spread," capability. These are chronicled in a report ly normal for a pharmaceutical planL De-
Miami Herald, 25 July 1988; Moffet~ "Israel." submitted by the Government of the Fed- tails of the layout of chemical plants were
13 December 1988. eral Republic of Germany to the German obtained from Julie Heng, a chemical engi-
14. However, there are continuing re- Bundestag "concerning the possible in- neer at Manchester University, UK, in per-
ports that Syria is close to signing a deal for volvement of Germans in the establishment sonal discussions, November 1989.
-~ the M-9 with China. of a chemical weapons facility in Libya," 29. Robert j. McCartney, "Bonn Links 2
15. Roberts, "The Strategic Implication"; 15 February 1989. Firms to Unauthorized Exports to Libya,"
Carus, "Chemical Weapons in the Middle 25. Several chemical bombs were aimed Washington Ibst, 12 January 1989. The
East," at Chadian forces occupying an airfield in BND identified many of these countries.
16. In 1987, a chemical strike on Halabja southern Libya, but all missed their targets. Report submitted by the Government of
killed 15,000 Kurdish civilians. However, it See Carus, "Chemical Weapons in the the Federal Republic of Germany to the
is not clear whether the civilians or ap- Middle East." German Bundestag "concerning the possi-
proaching Iran ian troops were the target. 26. There have been reports that Libya ble involvement of Germans in the estab-
See: Alastair Hay, "No Hiding Place When has another facility located at the Abu lishment of a chemical weapons facility in
Gas Horror Hit Halabja," Independent. 2 Khammash chemical facility near the Libya."
August 1988; London Observer Service. Tajura nuclear research center. Reports in- 30. "U.S.JLibyan Chemical Plant," Welt
"Special Bombs Rain on Innocent Civil- dicated that mustard gas and sarin were Am Sonniag, 5 February 1989.
ians." Deftnse Week, 11 April 1988. Attacks produced there. However, these reports 31. Artillery munitions suitable for CW
on Kurds in northern Iraq are detailed in were assessed to be false by the BND in use were purchased from Spain in 1980.
James Bruce and Tony Banks, "Growing 1984. Report submitted by the Government Report submitted by the Government of
Concern Over Iraqi Use of CW," Jane's De- of the Federal Republic of Germany to the the Federal Republic of Germany to the
~~~~ Week 4', 24 September 1988. A team of German Bundestag "concerning the possi- German Bundestag "concerning the possi-
- ongressional staffers carried out a com- ble involvement of Germans in the estab- ble involvement of Germans in the estab-
prehensive series of interviews in the area lishment of a chemical weapons facility in lishment of a chemical weapons facility in
that confirmed widespread Iraqi use of Libya." Libya."
*-;;- chemical weapons agamst civilians. Chemical 27. Their analysis is based on the fol- 32. The Libyan Air Force may also pos-
Weapons Use in Kurdistan.' Iraq's Final Of- lowing features of the plant: (1) It is heavily sess AS-l4 Kedge air to surface missiles,
ftnsive, Staff Report to the Senate Commit- guarded by Libyan troops and antiaircrafl which could be equipped with chemical
tee on Foreign Relations, October 1988. defenses. (2) It is too large for its ostensible warheads. See Periscope (on-line military
17. A precursor chemical is "a chemical purpose in two respects. First, it will be database). Likva's Armed Forces, United
that is necessary to produce lethal chemi- able to produce a tremendous volume of Communications Group, U.S. Naval Insti-
cal agents. but itself is not suitable as a chemicals. Second, the dimensions of the tute.
chemical weapon." Definition from Steven approach roads, the doors of the buildings, 33. Intec Technical Trade and Logistics
R. Bowman. "Chemical Weapons: A Sum- and the insides of the buildings themselves Society LtcL supplied air'craft parts, refueling
mary of Proliferation and Arms Control are compatible with the assumption that equipment, and technical expertise. It re-
`-~ Activities," CRS Issue Brief 2':' September they were designed to handle large loads, mains an open question. however, whether
1989. such as missiles. (3) The structure of the as- this equipment was suitable for midair
18. West German technical experts may sembly lines is unlike the standard config- refueling operations. See William Tuohy,
have been present at the location in an ad- uration for a pharmaceutical plant. (4) A "W. German Firm Helping Libya in Refu-
visory capacity until 1987. For details see: very secure containment system has been eling Project, Magazine Says," Philadelphia
Der Spiegel, 29 July 1984, pp. 23-24: IL installed to cope with leakages of highly Inquirer, 16 January 1989; report submitted
`~, Jeffrey Smith. "CIA Cites European Role toxic chemicals. (5) The types of precursors by the Government of the Federal Repub-
in More Gas-Weapon Sites"; Michael Ledeen, that have been obtained and are stored at lic of Germany to the German Bundestag
"The Curious Case of Chemical Warfare," the plant are suitable for making CW "concerning the possible involvement of Ger-
Weapon Systems Supplement. 7July 1989. agents. See "How Qaddafi Built His Dead- mans in the establishment of a chemical
19. Figures from Cordesman, "Creating . ly Chemical Plant," Business Week, 23 Jan- weapons facility in Libya."
* Weapons of Mass Destruction." Carus uary 1989: David White, "Does He Or 34. James Hackett, "The Globe Going Bal-
gives the rate of production of tabun and Doesn't He?" Financial flmes, reproduced in listic," Washington Tim~ 2 January 1990;
sarin as 50 tons per annum. Carus, "Chemi- World P-ess Review, March 1989. For the Al- Martin S. Navias. "Ballistic Missile Prolifera-
cal Weapons Use in the Middle East. lied attitude to the plant, see "Allies Are tion in the Middle East," Survival (Summer
20. Iraq may also be experimenting with Urging U.S. Restraint on Libya." Wall 1988).
"nconventional delivery techniques. It has Street Joum~a~l,,6 January 1989. 35. These attempts, in 1986, were
een claimed that 2,000 Kurds in Turkey 28. See Libya: Next Member of the blocked by federal officials. For details, see
*-;~ were poisoned by contaminated food sup- Chemical Club?" Christian Science Moniwr, report submitted by the Government of the
;plies. "Doctors Say lraq Used Toxic Nerve 13 December 1988: Webster. statement on Federal Republic of Germany to the Ger-
Agents." Washington Times. 16 August 1989. "Global Spread of Chemical and Biologi- man Bundestag "concerning the possible in-
21. Michael IL Gordon. "Iran Is Ex- cal Weapons." The Pine Bluff facility volvement of Germans in the establishment
panding Chemical Stocks Used in Poison consits of two main buildings. The Techni- of a chemical weapons facility in Libya."
Alarin- Corps Goerre ~ July1990 67
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