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File: 970101_sep96_decls6_0006.txt
Subject: COVER SHEET FOR DOCUMENT TRANSMISSION
Unit: OTSG
Parent Organization: HSC
Box ID: BX003205
Folder Title: VACCINES TO PREVENT DIARRHEA IN OPERATION DESERT SHIELD
Document Number: 1
Folder Seq #: 14
1. PREVENTION OF TYPHOID FEVER. VaoclnaVon with parenteral typhoid vaccines
have been used to protect American troops in every conflict since Worid War II. In
controlled field trials performed In the 1960s the heal-phenolized and acetone-
Inactivated parenteral vaccines provided 56 lo 88% protection against typhoid fever In
endemic areas. The low Incidence of typhoid fever during the Vietnam conflict attest
to the proven efficacy of these vaccines. AJthough protective, these vaccines are
generally considered unsatisfactory because of the high frequency of adverse @e
effects. Fever occurs in 20-25% and local reactions In 40-60% of recipients of
parenteral vaccines.
,2. Because of the adverse side effects parenteral typhoid vaccines are no longer
routinely given to all U.S. military personnel. Desert Shield Is the first operation since
WW If where U.S. military have been deployed overseas without typhoid
immunization. Typhoid fever is endemic in the Persian Gulf region and strains
resistant to the commonly used antibiotics for treatment have been Isolated in Bahrain
this year.
3. Two new typhoid vaccines have been shown to be safe, immunogenic and
protective in clinical trials and are becoming or have become available In the U.S.
through ficensure with the FDA. These are: 1) an attenuated strain of
@. Ty2la, used as a live oral vaccine', 2) the purified polys-acchadde capsular
antigen of @ @, Vi, administered as a parenteral vaccine. Of these, Ty2la is now
licensed for use in the U.S.
4. The oral Ty2la vaccine has been extensively tested since 1978 In field trials In
%
protection for at least 6 years when 3 enteric c*ated capsules were given. A liquid
formulation of the same vaccine was also tested in Chile and gave over 7.5%
protection after 3 doses and was found to be superior to the enteric coated capsules.
This vaccine has now been given to over 100,000 persons and no adverse side
effects have been observed.
5. Ty2i a (Vivotif, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute) is now licensed by the FDA for
use In the U.S.. Tnis vaccine viill cost the Army $ 9.20 to vaccinate one person (s
2.30 / dose for the recommended 4 dose regimen). It Is available for Immediate
purchase.
6. This vaccine Is safe enough to be given in the field and could t>e administered by
medics over one week (I dose every other day).
RECOMMENDATION:
1) Ty2la should be bought in sufficient quantities to be used in all troops
deployed 'in Operation Desert Shield.
5
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Document 8 f:/Week-36/BX003205/VACCINES TO PREVENT DIARRHEA IN OPERATION DESERT SHIELD/cover sheet for document transmission:1224960931177
Control Fields 17
File Room = sep96_declassified
File Cabinet = Week-36
Box ID = BX003205
Unit = OTSG
Parent Organization = HSC
Folder Title = VACCINES TO PREVENT DIARRHEA IN OPERATION DESERT SHIELD
Folder Seq # = 14
Subject = COVER SHEET FOR DOCUMENT TRANSMISSION
Document Seq # = 1
Document Date =
Scan Date =
Queued for Declassification = 01-JAN-1980
Short Term Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Long Term Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Permanent Referral = 01-JAN-1980
Non-Health Related Document = 01-JAN-1980
Declassified = 24-DEC-1996