gencies in Grenada and Panama, demonstrated Air Component Comrnander (JFACC) used ffiat there was considerable room for improve- that system to develop the daily air tasking ment DESERT SHIELD/STORM reflected order (ATO), the lack of complete significant progress - progress based in large interoperability precluded timely delivery of measure on the lessons learned in those earlier the ATO to naval forces afloat. operations. In virtually every case where such prob- The unique missions and functional lems arose, workable solutions were devel- capabilities of each service are complemen- oped during the build-up of forces prior to tary, enabling and enhancing. Working to- DESERT STORM. Thejoint requirements pro- gether generates the greatest combat capabil- cess now in effect under the guidance of the ity in the shortest period of time. It represents Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) the best, most economical use of our military will minimize such problems in the future. resources. A single unified chain of command with clear and direct lines of communication The Navy quickly recognized that pre- up and down is clearly the best way to ensure deployment command arrangements were U.S. interests are translated into effective ac- inadequate for a Navy force of the magnitude tion. assigned to Central Command during DESERT SHIELD. A new Navy component command JOINT OPiERATIONS DURING DESERT was identified and deployed. Nevertheless, SHIELD/STORM. The Navy was able to the advantages of a peacetime planning orga- quickly and effectively integrate into virtually nizationwhichparallelswartimerequirements all aspects of DESERT SHIELD/STORM be- are clear. A revised organization is being cause of the significant experience gained dur- developed to meet those requirements. ing extensive involvement in joint operations in recent years. As an integral part of Joint DESERT SHIELD / STORM clearly dem- Task Force Middle East in the Persian Gulf onstrated the tremendous importance and ben- du:ring the Iran-Iraq War, Navy ships rou- efits of joint and combined operations. The tinely conducted complex data link and sur- significant progress made in the conduct of veillance operations with USAF and Saudi such operations over the past several years A)NACS aircraft - a valuable prelude to was dramatically reflected in success on the - DESERT SHIELD/STORM. In other theaters, battlefield. That success further strengthened joint exerQses have grown dramatically in the Navy's commitment to the concept of joint scope and complexity, as the interoperable operations. capabilities of all the services have matured. THE MARITIME. INTERCEPTION CAM- That is not to say there were no prob- PAIGN. Mounting a successful interception lems during DESERT SHIELD/STORM. The campaign in response to U.N. economic sanc- communications systems of all the services are tions against Iraq required the ability to con- still not as interoperable and compatible as trol nearly 250,000 square miles of sea lanes. they should be. The U.S. Air Force computer Only the United States Navy has the forces and assisted flight management system (CAFMS), expertise to undertake such a monumental for example, was not interoperable with Navy challenge. con~unicat:L.ons systems. When the Joint Force -20-
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