END NOTES

[1] Tab A explains acronyms and abbreviations, and contains a glossary.

[2] Defense Intelligence Agency, Initial Intelligence Report 5380 005 91, Subject: "Silkworm Test Facility (U)," March 1991.

[3] United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, Directorate of Military Survey, Sheet K7611, 5648-III, Al Ahmadi, Edition 5-GSGS.

[4] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p.1.

[5] Letter from Passive Barriers, Ltd. employee, Subject: "Schools Search and Disposals Certificate," August 24, 1991, p. 1.

[6] Lead sheet 5987, Interview with Kuwait desk officer, US State Department, September 10, 1997, p. 1.

[7] The Seersucker is an upgrade of the Silkworm with a longer fuselage, a greater propellant capability, and, therefore, a greater range. Federation of American Scientists, Washington DC, web site: www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row (as of January 25, 2001); Defence Intelligence Agency, Initial Intelligence Report 5380 005 91, Subject: "Silkworm Test Facility (U)," March 1991, p.1.

[8] Defense Intelligence Agency, RII-1488, Subject: "Mating Chem Warheads to Frogs/Silkworms," No date.

[9] Memorandum for record by lead analyst regarding captured missiles at Kuwaiti Girls' School, Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, No Subject, October 21, 1997, p. 1.

[10] Joint Staff, Message, Subject: "Captive Foreign Hardware from Desert Storm," 121910Z September1991, p. 1.

[11] US Navy, Message, Subject: "Distribution of Explosive Components from Desert Storm Captive Hardware," 291338Z October 1991, p. 1.

[12] Memorandum for record by lead analyst regarding captured missiles at Kuwaiti Girls' School, Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, No Subject, October 21, 1997, p. 1.

[13] McDonnel, Janet, After Desert Storm, The US Army and the Reconstruction of Kuwait, Office of History, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1999, p. 150.

[14] McDonnel, Janet, After Desert Storm, The US Army and the Reconstruction of Kuwait, Office of History, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1999, p. 150.

[15] Lead sheet 7213, Interview with safety officer, US Army Corps of Engineers, July 10, 1997, p. 2.

[16] Lead sheet 7213, Interview with safety officer, US Army Corps of Engineers, July 10, 1997, p. 2.

[17] Lead sheet 7005, Interview with Major General Patrick Kelly, USA (Ret.), November 13, 1997, p. 1.

[18] Lead sheet 7213, Interview with safety officer, US Army Corps of Engineers, July 10, 1997, p. 2.

[19] Lead sheet 6025, Interview with commander of the 146th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Detachment, September 15, 1997, p. 2.

[20] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 1-2, 10. Royal Ordnance was a UK firm that effectively subcontracted the UK Ministry of Defence to have British military forces in theater assist with the clearance.

[21] Lead sheet 6430, Interview with senior US EOD officer in theater, October 15, 1997, p. 2.

[22] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 1; Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 8.

[23] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 1.

[24] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 1-2.

[25] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 9.

[26] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 332. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil (as of October 19, 1999).

[27] US Army VII Corps, Remote Bulletin Board Service, E-mail message, Subject: "CAM Burnout," February 19, 1991, @ 1741.

[28] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 1-2.

[29] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 15.

[30] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 14.

[31] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 422; Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 14.

[32] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 2.

[33] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 15.

[34] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 13, 10.

[35] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, Annex E, p. 1.

[36] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 11.

[37] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, Annex E, p. 1.

[38] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 11.

[39] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 11.

[40] Initial Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 2.

[41] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 14-15.

[42] Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical Biological Matters, Subject: "Suspect Chemical Container Found in Kuwait City, Kuwait in August 1991," July 29, 1994,
p. 3-4.

[43] For a detailed explanation of the Fox NBC reconnaissance vehicle see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness, and Military Deployments, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 14, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii

[44] Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical Biological Matters, Subject: "Suspect Chemical Container Found in Kuwait City, Kuwait in August 1991," July 29, 1994,
p. 4.

[45] Lead sheet 6025, Interview with commander of the 146th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Detachment, September 15, 1997, p. 2.

[46] Interview with Colonel John Macel, October 16, 1997, p. 5.

[47] Lead sheet 6025, Interview with commander of the 146th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Detachment, September 15, 1997, p. 2.

[48] Task Force Victory was made up of the Third Infantry Division as the General Officer Headquarters, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, an Evacuation Hospital, and 18 tenant activities; Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical Biological Matters, Subject: "Suspect Chemical Container Found in Kuwait City, Kuwait in August 1991," July 29, 1994, p. 2.

[49] Memorandum from Captain Michael F. Johnson to director, Combined Arms Training Directorate, Subject: "Iraqi Chemical Agents - Information Paper," January 4, 1994, p. 1; Memorandum to commander, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Subject: "Tasking Number 91-047," August 7, 1991, p. 1.

[50] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 27-28.

[51] Memorandum from Captain Michael F. Johnson to director, Combined Arms Training Directorate, Subject: "Iraqi Chemical Agents - Information Paper," January 4, 1994, p. 1.

[52] The exact date of this operation remains uncertain. The Fox tapes from the second operation are dated August 9, 1991, as is the paperwork that documents when the samples were taken. We therefore believe that the operations took place on August 9, 1991.

[53] Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Donnie W. Killgore, October 15, 1997, p. 8; Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, Annex C, p.1; Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 20.

[54] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 3.

[55] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 3.

[56] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 19, 25.

[57] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 3.

[58] Lead sheet 5982, Interview with US soldier from 54th Chemical Troop supporting the Fox testing, August 15, 1997, p. 2.

[59] Lead sheet 5982, Interview with US soldier from 54th Chemical Troop supporting the Fox testing, August 15 1997, p. 2. The Bomb Disposal Officer and Bomb Disposal Engineer extracted a fifth sample from the tank during the Fox testing in case more of the tank's liquid was required, but was not needed. It was added to the samples in the two bottles contained in the ammunition box. Watkinson, J. P., Subsequent report: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 3.

[60] Fox tapes produced at the Kuwaiti Girls' School, August 9, 1991; see Tab H, p. 6-14.

[61] Statement of troop commander of 1st Troop, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Incident Sabahiyah Girls School, Kuwait 1991," November 10, 1997, p. 3.

[62] Lead sheet 5982, Interview with US soldier from 54th Chemical Troop supporting the Fox testing, August 15, 1997, p. 1.

[63] Statement of troop commander of 1st Troop, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Incident Sabahiyah Girls School, Kuwait 1991," November 10, 1997, p. 3.

[64] Statement of troop commander of 1st Troop, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Incident Sabahiyah Girls School, Kuwait 1991," November 10, 1997, p. 3.

[65] Memorandum from Captain Michael F. Johnson for director, Combined Arms Training Directorate, Subject: "Iraqi Chemical Agents - Information Paper," January 4, 1994, p. 2.

[66] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 4.

[67] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, Annex E, p. 1.

[68] UK Ministry of Defence, Deposition of injured British soldier, December 5, 1997, p. 4.

[69] Lead sheet 6753, Interview with Major Michael F. Johnson, November 3, 1997, p. 2.

[70] Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore, October 15, 1997, p. 14-15.

[71] Letter from Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical/Biological Matters, No Subject, undated, p. 2.

[72] Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical Biological Matters, Subject: "Suspect Chemical Container Found in Kuwait City, Kuwait in August 1991," July 29, 1994, p. 6. Although this source states Colonel Macel made the contact, in 1998 during staffing of this original narrative, this was clarified by Colonel Macel to indicate Major Watkinson actually contacted them.

[73] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 1.

[74] Memorandum from Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force to the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject: "Cleared Statement by UNSCOM on Kuwait Girl's School Tank," January 22, 1998, p.1.

[75] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 2.

[76] Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical Biological Matters, Subject: "Suspect Chemical Container Found in Kuwait City, Kuwait in August 1991," July 29, 1994, p.7.

[77] Memorandum from UK Ministry of Defence, Subject: "Clarification of the Sampling Team Leader's Previous Testimony," December 17, 1997, p.1.

[78] Subsequent report from commander, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 4; Interview with sampling team leader, October 9, 1997, p. 12-13.

[79] Preliminary Report from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (UK), Subject: "Analysis of Samples from Kuwait," September 24, 1991 p.1.

[80] Initial report from sampling team leader,: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 3.

[81] Initial report from sampling team leader,: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 3.

[82] Interview with sampling team leader, October 9, 1997, p. 11.

[83] Interview with sampling team leader, October 9, 1997, p. 11.

[84] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 4.

[85] Interview with sampling team leader, October 9, 1997, p. 9.

[86] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 3.

[87] Memorandum from UK Ministry of Defence, Subject: "Clarification of the Sampling Team Leader's Previous Testimony," December 17, 1997, p.1.

[88] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 3.

[89] Initial report from sampling team leader, Subject: "Sampling and Assessment of Suspected Chemical Container," August 11, 1991, p. 4.

[90] Interview with sampling team leader, October 9, 1997, p. 5-6.

[91] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 37.

[92] Report from 21st EOD Squadron Group, Subject: "Report on the Resealing of the Salabiyah Chemical Container," August 25, 1991, p. 2.

[93] Subsequent Report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Chemical Exploitation Report," August 18, 1991, p. 5.

[94] Report from 21st EOD Squadron Group, Subject: "Report on the Resealing of the Salabiyah Chemical Container," August 25, 1991, p. 1.

[95] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 35.

[96] Report from 21st EOD Squadron Group, Subject:"Report on the Resealing of the Salabiyah Chemical Container," August 25, 1991, p. 1.

[97] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 43.

[98] Report from 21st EOD Squadron Group, Subject:"Report on the Resealing of the Salabiyah Chemical Container," August 25, 1991, p. 3-4.

[99] Memorandum from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (UK), Subject: "Collection of Samples taken from Kuwaiti Girls High School," December 8, 1997, p.1.

[100] Preliminary report from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (UK), Subject: "Analysis of Samples from Kuwait," September 24, 1991, p. 1.

[101] Preliminary report from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (UK), Subject: "Analysis of Samples from Kuwait," September 24, 1991, p. 1.

[102] Interview with Colonel John Macel, October 16, 1997, p. 11, 31.

[103] Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore, October 15, 1997, p. 4-5.

[104] Message from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Subject: "Disposal of Tank of Nitric Acid in Kuwait," 301530Z September 1991, p. 1.

[105] Message from Headquarters, British Forces, Kuwait, Subject: "Disposal of Tank of Nitric Acid in Kuwait," PR271100Z September 1991, p. 1.

[106] Letter from Brown & Root International, Inc. to contracting officer, Kuwaiti Emergency Response Office, Subject: "Oxident Disposal at School," October 30, 1991, p.1.

[107] Letter from Brown & Root International, Inc. to contracting officer, Kuwaiti Emergency Response Office, Subject: "Oxident Disposal at School ,"October 30, 1991, p. 2.

[108] Letter from Passive Barriers Ltd. employee, Subject: "Container at Sabahiyah Girls School," February 10, 1998, p. 1.

[109] Letter from Passive Barriers Ltd. employee, Subject: "Container at Sabahiyah Girls School," February 10, 1998, p. 1.

[110] Testimony of Major Michael F. Johnson before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, US House of Representatives, December 10, 1996, p. 1.

[111] Lead Sheet 6753, Interview with Major Michael F. Johnson, November 3, 1997, p. 1.

[112] US Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session, Committee Staff Report (No. 3), Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, "US Chemical and Biological Warfare - Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War," October 7, 1994, p. 7-11, 18.

[113] VII Corps Remote Bulletin Board Service, E-mail message, Subject: "CAM Burnout," February 19, 1991, @ 1741.

[114] Initial report from commanding officer, 21st EOD Squadron, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Container," August 7, 1991, p. 1; Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 12.

[115] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Subject: "Testing Response of Chemical Agent Detection Equipment to Red Fuming Nitric Acid," April 11, 1997, p. 3;

[116] Interview with Major Jonathan Watkinson, October 16, 1997, p. 14.

[117] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, No Subject, September 11, 1997, p. 1; Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of Fox Tapes," December 15, 1997, p. 1; Letter from National Institute of Standards and Technology, No Subject, December 19, 1997, p. 1.

[118] Letter from Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical/Biological Matters, No Subject, undated, p. 2.

[119] Letter from Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical/Biological Matters, No Subject, undated, p. 2.

[120] Memorandum from Captain Johnson to director, Combined Arms Training Directorate, Subject: "Iraqi Chemical Agents - Information Paper," January 4, 1994, p. 2.

[121] Lead sheet 6753, Interview with Major Michael F. Johnson, November 3, 1997, p. 2.

[122] US Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session, Committee Staff Report (No. 3), Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, "US Chemical and Biological Warfare - Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War," October 7, 1994, p. 18.

[123] Interview with Lieutenant Colonel Donnie Killgore, October 15, 1997, p. 22-23.

[124] US Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session, Committee Staff Report (No. 3), Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, "US Chemical and Biological Warfare - Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War," October 7, 1994, p. 18.

[125] The US Department of Defense could not provide the originals or copies of the Fox tapes nor the analysis of them by US experts. Additionally, the UK provided letters describing their assessments and results, however, did not make available copies of the original reports. Thus, the committee could not review the Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment's initial report on the laboratory analysis of the liquid samples from the tank because it was not provided to the committee for review.

[126] For more information about the UK Code of Practice on Access to Government Information see www.mod.uk/policy/opengovt/policy.htm or www.homeoffice.gov.uk/foi/index.htm.

[127] 60 Minutes, March 19, 1995; Ritter, John,"Gulf War Sequel: Claims, Counterclaims," USA Today, March 2, 1995, p. 8A; Cooper, Dale B., "Drumbeat of Denial," Soldier of Fortune, May 1997, p. 38-39; Eddington, Patrick G., Gassed in the Gulf, Washington, DC: Insignia Publishing Company, 1997, p. 48-49, 120-121, 126-129.

[128] Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, public meeting transcript, Charleston, South Carolina, May 7, 1997, p. 175-176.

[129] Testimony of UNSCOM officials before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 29, 1997, p. 5.

[130] Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, public meeting transcript, Alexandria, Virginia, September 4, 1997.

[131] Dettmer, Jamie, "Chemical Weapons Used in Gulf War," Evening Standard, October 13, 1994, p. 23; Evans, Michael, "Allies Found Iraq Stored Blister Agent in Kuwait," The Times, October 14, 1994, p. 15;

[132] Sebastian, Tim, "Why is the Government Lying?," The Mail On Sunday - Night and Day, November 12, 1995, p. 1; UK Parliament, House of Commons, "Written Answers," January 25, 1995, p. 282.

[133] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, No Subject, September 11, 1997, p. 2.

[134] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Subject: "Testing Response of Chemical Agent Detection Equipment to Red Fuming Nitric Acid," April 11, 1997, p. 4.

[135] Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, public meeting transcript, Charleston, South Carolina, May 7, 1997, p. 170-171.

[136] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, No Subject, September 11, 1997, p. 2.

[137] Preliminary report from Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (UK), Subject: "Analysis of Samples from Kuwait," September 24, 1991, p. 1; Memorandum from Battelle, Subject: "Chemical Properties of Fuming Nitric Acid," March 18, 1998, p. 1; Sierra Nevada College, "Material Safety Data Sheets," web site: www.sierranevada.edu/facilities/safety/msdslocl/msds.html, (as of March 13, 2001), p.3.

[138] Testimony of Fox subject matter expert, Chemical and Biological Defense Command before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997, p. 85.

[139] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Military Readiness and Military Deployments, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 14, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/, p. 10-11.

[140] Lead sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, August 26, 1999, p. 4.

[141] Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of Fox Tapes," December 15, 1997, p. 1-2.

[142] Letter from National Institute of Standards and Technology, No Subject, December 19, 1997, p. 1.

[143] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, No Subject, September 11, 1997, p. 1.

[144] Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of Fox Tapes," December 15, 1997, p. 1-2.

[145] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, No Subject, September 11, 1997, p. 1-2.

[146] Letter from National Institute of Standards and Technology, No Subject, December 19, 1997, p. 1.

[147] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 26.

[148] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 4-5, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[149] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.

[150] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms, p. 5, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[151] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)," December 2, 1999.

[152] CBDCOM mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/hooah/pubs/cbdcom98.pdf (as of September 2, 1999).

[153] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 6, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[154] WWWebster Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1998, web site www.m-w.com/dictionary (as of June 25, 1999).

[155] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 27.

[156] Defense Technical Information Center, Test Operations Procedure 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.

[157] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 46.

[158] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 22-23.

[159] Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, "Detection of Chemical Weapons: An overview of methods for the detection of chemical warfare agents," p. 4, web site www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/detect.htm (as of October 12, 1999).

[160] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31.

[161] Medical Dictionary, Merriam Webster, Incorporated, 1997, web site www.intelihealth.com (as of 2/26/01).

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[163] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, 2001, web site: www.m-w.com (as of 2/26/01)

[164] US Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military Terms," April 6, 1999, p. 162, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/e/02287.html (as of September 2, 1999).

[165] Medical Dictionary , Merriam Webster, Incorporated, 1997, web site: www.intelihealth.com (as of 2/26/01).

[166] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 14, 2001, p. 6, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/

[167] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, 2001,web site: www.m-w.com (as of 2/26/01)

[168] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 18.

[169] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 19.

[170] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 21.

[171] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

[172] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual No 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 17-18; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Chapter 2, p. 1, web site

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[174] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 40-41.

[175] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 33-36.

[176] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.

[177] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 30.

[178] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.

[179] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 37-38.

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[181] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 11, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).

[182] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 39.

[183] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, 2001, web site: www.m-w.com (as of 2/26/01)

[184] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 421-424.

[185] US Army Technical Manual, 43-0001-26-1, "Army Equipment Data Sheets Chemical Defense Equipment," May 12, 1982, p. 1-25.

[186] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430-431. See also Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M256 Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit" (Information Paper), July 23, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m256/.

[187] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 412. See also Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m8/.

[188] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, p. 3-4, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.

[189] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 2, p. 4.

[190] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness, and Military Deployments, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 14, 2001, p. 6, 10-11, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/; Bruker-Franzen Analytik GMBH, Chapter 2, copyright 1987.

[191] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30.

[192] Kenkel, John, Analytical Chemistry for Technicians, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1994, p. 282-283.

[193] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 14, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of November 22, 2000).

[194] WWWebster Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1998, web site www.m-w.com/dictionary (as of April 2, 2001).

[195] Medical Dictionary copyright (c) 1997 by Merriam Webster, Incorporated, web site www.intelihealth.com (as of February 26, 2001).

[196] CW Procedural Text for Chemical CORPS Field Laboratories, Book 1, Part I, Chemistry of CW Agents, Chemical Corps, Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, January 7, 1954, p. 294; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.

[197] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 17, December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of August 23, 1999).

[198] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 19.

[199] Taken from the SBCCOM mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of September 2, 1999).

[200] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 21.

[201] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 18.

[202] US Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military Terms," April 6, 1999, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/t/06258.html (as of September 2, 1999).

[203] US Department of Defense , Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military Terms," April 6, 1999, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/u/06599.html (as of November 4, 1999).

[204] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," Washington, DC, December 12, 1990, p. 112.

[205] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23, 112.

[206] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 112.

[207] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

[208] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. As of June 26, 2001, 174 states have signed, ratified, or acceded to it. The United States signed on January 13, 1993, and ratified the Convention on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. We found other protocols and guidelines in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment of Unusual Events in Relation to Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy NAVMED P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas in developing this methodology.

[209] Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, "Liquid Propellants" Hazards of Chemical Rockets and Propellants, Vol. III, September 1984, p. 15-1 to 15-15.

[210] Indicates Captain Johnson saw tapes but did not have time to examine their contents.




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