D. TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
1. Introduction
The purpose of the toxicity
assessment is to weigh available evidence regarding the potential for particular
pesticide active ingredients to cause adverse health effects, and to provide
an estimate of the relationship between exposure and the increased likelihood
and severity of adverse health effects.[406]
The EPA has conducted toxicity
assessments on most of the pesticide active ingredients found in the pesticides
of potential concern (POPCs). Toxicity assessment consists of two steps: hazard
identification and dose-response evaluation.
The HRA toxicity assessment was
prepared based on the latest information available at the time; however, new information
is released on an ongoing basis, which may impact the reliability of some aspects of this
report. At the time the toxicity assessment was prepared, EPAs Office of Pesticide
Programs OPP) was devoting vast resources to compliance with provisions of the 1996 Food
Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Under this Act, OPP is re-evaluating the registration of
many pesticide products, assigning the highest priorities to organophosphates (OPs) and
carbamates. As a result, OPP is frequently issuing new information on OPs and carbamates.
2. Hazard Identification
Hazard identification is the
process of determining whether exposure to an agent can cause an adverse health effect and
whether the adverse health effect is likely to occur in humans. An "adverse"
health effect is an indication of unequivocal impairment of health. Adverse health effects
may be frank effects and/or laboratory measurements. All the active ingredients in the
POPCs have potential adverse health effects in humans by at least one exposure route, as
indicated in the human or animal studies listed in Tables 92 through 103. Note that
the "critical effects" listed in the tables all indicate a potential for
adverse health effects, although not all are adverse health effects per se.
Although the critical effects listed in the tables are experimental endpoints, based
mainly on animal studies, the EPA has determined that these effects are relevant to, and
probably occur in, humans. Additional information regarding the hazard identification of
the POPCs may be found in the documents cited in the tables, and in the RAND Literature
Review.[407]
Table 92. Oral toxicity values -
acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient
|
Descriptionb
|
Valuec
(mg/kg/day)
|
Source |
Additional
Basis
and/or Comment
|
Critical
Effect |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET
|
NOEL |
- |
-
|
extrapolation inappropriate |
-
|
- |
RfD |
- |
extrapolation inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL |
2.50E+01 |
EPA[408]
|
- |
weight loss, temperature, aggression,
abnormal motor activity |
rat |
RFD |
2.50E-01* |
NOEL x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
7.10E+00* |
- |
chronic NOEL |
liver enlargement; hepatocellular
effects |
dog |
RFD |
7.10E-02* |
chronic NOEL x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL |
3.00E-01* |
- |
subchronic NOEL |
cholinergic poisoning effects |
rat |
RFD |
3.00E-03* |
subchronic NOEL x 1/100 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
6.00E+00 |
EPA[409]
|
- |
1-3 day mortality; neurotoxicity |
rabbit |
RFD |
2.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/300 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
5.00E-01 |
EPA[410]
|
- |
single dose neurotoxicity |
rat |
RFD |
2.00E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/300 |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
5.00E-01 |
EPA[411]
|
- |
plasma cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RFD |
5.00E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
2.50E-01 |
EPA[412]
|
- |
plasma cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RFD |
2.50E-03 |
NOAEL x 1/100 |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOEL |
5.00E+01 |
EPA[413]
|
- |
maternal toxicity exhibited |
rabbit |
RFD |
5.00E-01 |
NOEL x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
LOEL |
1.50E-01 |
EPA[414]
|
- |
blurred vision, nausea, sweating,
increased blood pressure, vomiting, and 40% red blood cell cholinesterase
inhibition |
human |
RFD |
5.00E-03 |
LOEL x 1/30 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL |
1.25E-01 |
EPA[415]
|
- |
whole blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RFD |
4.16E-04 |
NOEL x 1/300 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
6.00E+00 |
EPA[416]
|
- |
Increased grip strength; increased
motor activity |
rat |
RFD |
6.00E-02 |
NOEL x 1/100 |
|
a) |
A dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RFD = reference
dose.
|
c) |
An asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based
on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
|
|
Table 93. Oral toxicity values
- subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descrip-tionb |
Valuec
(mg/kg/d) |
Sourced |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effecte |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
- |
-
|
extrapolation
inappropriate |
- |
- |
RFD |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL |
1.55E+01 |
EPA[417]
|
- |
tremors
and staggered gait; 13-week feeding study |
rat |
RFD |
1.55E-01* |
NOEL
x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
7.10E+00* |
O[418]
|
chronic
NOEL |
liver
enlargement; hepatocellular effects |
dog |
RFD |
7.10E-02* |
chronic
NOEL x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL |
3.00E-01 |
O[419]
|
- |
blood
cholinesterase inhibition; 13-week feeding |
dog |
RFD |
3.00E-03* |
NOEL
x 1/100 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
2.50E+00* |
EPA[420]
|
chronic
NOEL |
chronic
histopathologic kidney lesions |
dog |
RFD |
8.33E-03* |
chronic
RFD |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
5.00E-02* |
EPA[421]
|
chronic
NOAEL |
plasma/RBC/brain cholinesterase inhibition |
dog |
RFD |
5.00E-04* |
chronic
RFD |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
2.50E-02 |
EPA[422]
|
- |
plasma
inhibition at low doses and higher doses exhibited increased brain
and heart weight, adrenal gland effects and decreased body weight
gain |
rat |
RFD |
2.50E-04 |
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
2.00E-02* |
EPA[423]
|
chronic
NOAEL |
pattern
of no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition |
dog |
RFD |
2.00E-04* |
chronic
RFD |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOAEL |
2.40E+00* |
EPA[424]
|
chronic
NOAEL |
inhibition
of RBC cholinesterase activity |
rat |
RFD |
2.46E+00* |
chronic
RFD |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
2.46E+00* |
EPA[425]
|
chronic
NOEL |
elevated
mean cholesterol level |
dog |
RFD |
2.46E-02* |
based
on chronic NOEL |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOAEL |
1.25E-01 |
EPA[426]
|
- |
whole
blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RFD |
4.16E-04 |
NOAEL
x 1/300 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
6.00E+00 |
EPA[427]
|
- |
Increased
grip strength; increased motor activity |
rat |
RFD |
6.00E-02* |
NOEL
x 1/100 |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RFD = reference
dose.
|
c) |
An
asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based
on a published value as described in the source or under basis.
|
d) |
"O"
= other. |
e) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 94. Oral toxicity
values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient
|
Descriptionb
|
Valuec
(mg/kg/d)
|
Sourced |
Additional
Basis
and/or
Comment
|
Critical
Effecte |
Test
Species
|
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
1.00E+02
|
EPA[428]
|
- |
decrease
food consumption, body weight, 1-year study |
dog |
RfD |
1.00E+00*
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL |
5.00E+00
|
EPA[429]
|
- |
increased
liver weight |
rat/
mouse |
RfD |
5.00E-02
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
7.10E+00
|
O[430]
|
- |
liver
enlargement; hepatocellular effects |
dog |
RfD |
7.10E-02*
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL |
2.50E-01
|
O[431]
|
- |
blood
cholinesterase inhibition, 1 year study |
dog |
RfD |
2.50E-03
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
2.50E+00
|
EPA[432]
|
- |
chronic
histopathologic kidney lesions |
dog |
RfD |
8.33E-03
|
NOEL
x 1/300 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
5.00E-02
|
EPA[433]
|
- |
plasma/RBC/brain
cholinesterase inhibition |
dog |
RfD |
5.00E-04
|
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
3.00E-02
|
EPA[434]
|
- |
significant
plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition |
dog |
RfD |
3.00E-04
|
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
2.00E-02
|
EPA[435]
|
- |
cholinesterase
inhibition |
dog/rat |
RfD |
2.00E-04
|
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOAEL |
2.40E+00
|
EPA[436]
|
- |
inhibition
of RBC cholinesterase activity |
rat |
RfD |
2.40E-02
|
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
2.46E+00
|
EPA[437]
|
- |
elevated
mean cholesterol level |
dog |
RfD |
2.46E-02*
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOAEL |
1.25E-01
|
EPA[438]
|
- |
whole
blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
4.16E-04
|
NOAEL
x 1/300 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
4.70E-01
|
EPA[439]
|
- |
liver
and spleen effects; increased platelets; chronic feeding study |
rat |
RfD |
4.70E-03
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
|
a) |
A dash (-)
indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry
is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported,
or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse
effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference
dose.
|
c) |
An asterisk
("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published
value as described in the source or under basis.
|
d) |
"O"
= other. |
e) |
RBC = red
blood cell. |
|
Table 95. Dermal
toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descriptionb |
Valuec
(mg/kg/d) |
Oral
Absorption Factord
|
Sourcee
|
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effect |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOAEL |
4.30E+02
|
- |
O[440]
|
- |
mild skin irritation to no-effect |
human |
RfD |
4.30E+01 *
|
NOEL
x 1/10 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
4.97E+00*
|
0.70 |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
4.97E-02 *
|
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
LOEL |
2.00E+01*
|
- |
O[441]
|
subchronic
LOEL |
cholinergic effects; 21-day percutaneous study |
rabbit |
RfD |
2.00E-02 *
|
based on subchronic LOEL |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
9.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[442]
|
- |
no cholinesterase inhibition; 21-day dermal |
rat |
RfD |
9.00E-01
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
6.50E-02*
|
0.65 |
EPA[443]
|
acute
oral NOAEL x OAF |
cholinergic signs and weight loss; oral developmental study |
rabbit |
RfD |
6.50E-04 *
|
acute oral RfD x OAF |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
5.00E+00
|
- |
EPA[444]
|
- |
plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition; 4-day dermal |
rat |
RfD |
5.00E-02
|
NOAEL x 1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
2.13E-01 *
|
0.85 |
EPA[445]
|
acute
oral NOAEL x OAF |
plasma cholinesterase inhibition; oral acute neurotoxicity |
rat |
RfD |
2.13E-03 *
|
acute oral RfD x OAF |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOEL |
5.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[446]
|
- |
inhibition of plasma, red blood cell, and brain cholinesterase
activity; 21-day dermal |
rabbit |
RfD |
5.00E-01
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
1.00E+03
|
- |
EPA[447]
|
- |
lack of toxic effects; 1 to 7-day dermal |
rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01*
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL |
5.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[448]
|
- |
whole blood cholinesterase inhibition;
21-day dermal
|
rat |
RfD |
1.66E-01
|
EPA[449]
|
NOEL x 1/300 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
5.94E+00 *
|
0.99 |
- |
acute
oral NOEL x OAF |
Increased grip strength; increased motor activity |
rat |
RfD |
5.92E-02 *
|
acute
oral RfD x OAF |
|
a) |
A dash (-)
indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry
is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported,
or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference
dose.
|
c) |
An asterisk
("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published
value as described in the source or under basis.
|
d) |
Oral absorption
factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived
from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity
value x OAF. |
e) |
"O"
= other. |
|
Table 96. Dermal toxicity values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descriptionb |
Valuec
(mg/kg/d) |
AbsorptionFactord |
Sourcee |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effectf |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
extrapolation inappropriate |
- |
- |
|
- |
extrapolation inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL |
1.09E+01*
|
0.70 |
EPA[450]
|
subchronic oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
1.09E-01 *
|
subchronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
4.97E+00 *
|
0.70 |
- |
chronic oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
4.97E-02 *
|
chronic oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
LOEL |
2.00E+01
|
- |
O[451]
|
- |
cholinergic effects, 21-day
percutaneous study |
rabbit |
RfD |
2.00E-02 *
|
LOEL x 1/1,000 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
9.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[452]
|
- |
no cholinesterase inhibition;
21-day dermal |
rat |
RfD |
9.00E-01
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
3.25E-02*
|
0.65 |
EPA[453]
|
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF |
blood cholinesterase inhibition;
13 wk measurement in a 1-year oral study |
dog |
RfD |
3.25E-04*
|
chronic oral RfD x OAF |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
2.70E-02*
|
0.9 |
EPA[454]
|
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF |
significant plasma and RBC
cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-day to 2-year oral |
dog |
RfD |
2.70E-04 *
|
chronic oral RfD x OAF |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
1.70E-02 *
|
0.85 |
EPA[455]
|
chronic oral NOAEL x OAF |
plasma cholinesterase inhibition;
90-day and 1-year oral |
dog |
RfD |
1.70E-04*
|
chronic oral RfD x OAF |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOEL |
5.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[456]
|
- |
inhibition of plasma, RBC
and brain cholinesterase activity; 21-day dermal |
rabbit |
RfD |
5.00E-01
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
1.00E+03
|
- |
EPA[457]
|
- |
lack of toxic effects; 1-week
to several months dermal |
rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01*
|
NOEL x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL |
5.00E+01
|
- |
EPA[458]
|
- |
whole blood cholinesterase
inhibition; 1-week to several months dermal |
rat |
RfD |
5.00E-02
|
NOEL x 1/1,000 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
5.94E+00*
|
0.99 |
- |
acute oral NOEL x OAF |
Increased grip strength; increased
motor activity |
- |
RfD
|
5.92E-02*
|
Acute oral RfD x OAF |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL
= no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose.
|
c) |
An
asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on
a published value as described in the source or under basis.
|
d) |
Oral
absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value
is derived from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral
toxicity value x OAF. |
e) |
"O"
= other. |
f) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 97. Dermal toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descrip-tionb |
Valuec
(mg/kg/d) |
Absorption Factord
|
Sourcee
|
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effectf |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL |
3.50E+00
|
0.70 |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
3.50E-02
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
4.97E+00
|
0.70 |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
4.97E-02
|
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL |
2.50E-01
|
1.00 |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
2.50E-03
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
2.35E+00
|
0.94 |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL x OAF |
- |
- |
RfD |
7.83E-03
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
3.25E-02
|
0.65 |
EPA[459]
|
chronic
oral NOAEL x OAF |
plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition in both sexes and brain
cholinesterase inhibition in males |
- |
RfD |
3.25E-04
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
2.70E-02
|
0.90 |
EPA[460]
|
chronic
oral NOAEL x OAF |
significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition; 85 to 93-days
to 2-year oral |
dog |
RfD |
2.70E-04
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
1.70E-02
|
0.80 |
EPA[461]
|
chronic
oral NOAEL x OAF |
no adverse effects on cholinesterase inhibition; 2-year oral |
rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04
|
chronic
oral RfD x OAF |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
NOEL |
4.00E+00
|
- |
EPA[462]
|
- |
inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity; combined 42-day dermal |
rat |
RfD |
4.00E-02
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
1.00E+03
|
- |
EPA[463]
|
- |
lack of toxic effects; several months to lifetime |
rabbit |
RfD |
1.00E+01
|
NOEL
x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL |
1.25E-01
|
- |
EPA[464]
|
- |
whole blood cholinesterase inhibition; >several months |
rat |
RfD |
4.17E-04
|
|
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable; no chronic |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
exposure |
|
a) |
A dash (-)
indicates one or more of the following apply: that no entry
is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were reported,
or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference
dose.
|
c) |
An asterisk
("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published
value as described in the source or under basis. |
d) |
Oral absorption
factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal value is derived
from an oral value. If so, the dermal value = the oral toxicity
value x OAF. |
e) |
"O"
= other. |
f) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 98. Inhalation
toxicity values - acute/subacute exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS No.
|
Active Ingredient
|
Descrip-tionb
|
Valuec
|
Units
|
Sourced
|
Additional Basis and/or Comment
|
Critical Effecte
|
Test Species
|
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL
|
|
|
|
extrapolation
inappropriate |
|
|
RfD
|
|
|
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOEL
|
2.50E+01*
|
mg/kg/d |
|
acute oral
NOEL |
|
|
RfD
|
2.50E-01*
|
mg/kg/d |
acute oral
NOEL x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL
|
7.10E+00*
|
mg/kg/d |
|
chronic
oral NOEL |
|
|
RfD
|
7.10E-02*
|
mg/kg/d |
chronic
oral NOEL x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL
|
3.00E-01*
|
mg/kg/d |
|
subchronic
oral NOEL |
|
|
RfD
|
3.00E-03*
|
mg/kg/d |
subchronic
oral NOEL x 1/100 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL
|
1.37E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[465]
|
value for
all exposure durations |
clinical
signs of neurotoxicity/acute |
rat
|
RfD
|
1.30E-01*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL converted
to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL
|
1.00E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[466]
|
|
cholinergic
effects (oral); developmental study |
rabbit
|
RfD
|
1.00E-03*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL x
1/100 |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL
|
1.00E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[467]
|
|
plasma
and RBC cholinesterase inhibition |
rat
|
RfD
|
1.00E-03*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL x
1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL
|
2.60E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[468]
|
|
plasma
cholinesterase inhibition |
rat
|
RfD
|
8.60E-05
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL x
1/300 |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
LOEL
|
1.00E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[469]
|
|
inhib.
plasma, RBC cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium |
rat
|
RfD
|
2.80E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
LOEL converted
to mg/kg/d x 1/100 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL
|
2.20E+00
|
mg/L |
EPA[470]
|
|
significant
plasma, RBC, and cholinesterase inhibition |
rabbit
|
RfD
|
6.28E+00*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL converted
to mg/kg/d x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL
|
1.80E-04*
|
mg/L |
|
chronic
NOEL |
whole
blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat
|
RfD
|
1.70E-04*
|
mg/kg/d |
chronic
RfD |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL
|
1.30E-01*
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[471]
|
|
Diarrhea,
piloerection seen at day 14 and continuing 20 days |
rat
|
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no
entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were
reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
b) |
NOEL
= no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
c) |
An
asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on
a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
d) |
"O"
= other. |
e) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 99. Inhalation toxicity
values - subchronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descrip-tionb |
Valuec
|
Units |
Sourced |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effecte |
Test
Species |
134-62-3
|
DEET
|
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1
|
Permethrin
|
NOEL |
1.55E+01*
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
subchronic
oral NOEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
1.55E-01
*
|
mg/kg/d |
subchronic
oral NOEL x 1/100 |
26002-80-2
|
d-Phenothrin
|
NOEL |
7.10E+00
*
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
chronic
oral NOEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
7.10E-02*
|
mg/kg/d |
chronic
oral NOEL x 1/100 |
35575-96-3
|
Azamethiphos
|
NOEL |
3.00E-01
*
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
subchronic
oral NOEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
3.00E-03
*
|
mg/kg/d |
subchronic
oral NOEL x 1/100 |
16752-77-5
|
Methomyl
|
NOEL |
1.37E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[472]
|
value
for all exposure durations |
clinical
signs of neurotoxicity/acute |
rat |
RfD |
1.30E-01
*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
62-73-7
|
Dichlorvos
|
NOAEL |
5.00E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[473]
|
- |
plasma/blood
cholinesterase inhib.; 13 wk measurement in 1 year oral |
dog |
RfD |
5.00E-04
*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
2921-88-2
|
Chlorpyrifos
|
NOAEL |
1.00E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[474]
|
- |
plasma
and RBC cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
1.00E-03
*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
333-41-5
|
Diazinon
|
NOAEL |
2.60E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[475]
|
- |
plasma
cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
8.60E-05
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
x 1/300 |
121-75-5
|
Malathion
|
LOEL |
1.00E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[476]
|
- |
inhib.
Plasma/RBC cholinesterase; histopathology in respiratory epithelium |
rat |
RfD |
9.50E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
LOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
114-26-1
|
Propoxur
|
NOEL |
2.20E+00
|
mg/L |
EPA[477]
|
- |
significant
plasma, RBC, and brain cholinesterase inhibition |
rabbit |
RfD |
6.28E+00*
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/100 |
22781-23-3
|
Bendiocarb
|
NOEL |
1.80E-04
*
|
mg/L |
- |
chronic
NOEL |
whole
blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04*
|
mg/kg/d |
chronic
RfD |
58-89-9
|
Lindane
|
NOEL |
1.30E-01*
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[478]
|
- |
Increased
kidney weights of female rats; bone marrow effects |
rats |
RfD |
1.30E-03* |
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
x 1/100 |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that no
entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data were
reported, or extrapolation was not done. |
b) |
NOEL
= no-observed-effect level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect
level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect level, RfD = reference dose. |
c) |
An
asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on
a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
d) |
"O"
= other. |
e) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 100. Inhalation toxicity values - chronic exposure; noncarcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Descrip-tionb |
Valuec
|
Units |
Sourced |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Critical
Effect |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
- |
extrapolation
inappropriate |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
NOAEL |
5.00E+00
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
oral
chronic NOAEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
5.00E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
oral
chronic NOAEL x 1/100 |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
NOEL |
7.10E+00
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
oral
chronic NOEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
7.10E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
oral
chronic NOEL x 1/100 |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
NOEL |
2.50E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
- |
oral
chronic NOEL |
- |
- |
RfD |
2.50E-03
|
mg/kg/d |
oral
chronic NOEL x 1/100 |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
NOEL |
1.37E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[479]
|
value
for all exposure durations |
clinical
signs of neurotoxicity/acute |
rat |
RfD |
1.30E-01
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
NOAEL |
5.00E-05
|
mg/L |
EPA[480]
|
- |
blood,
plasma and brain cholinesterase inhibition; 2 year inhalation
study |
rat |
RfD |
4.80E-05
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
NOAEL |
3.00E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[481]
|
- |
plasma
and RBC cholinesterase inhibition |
dog |
RfD |
3.00E-04
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
x 1/100 |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
NOAEL |
2.60E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
EPA[482]
|
- |
plasma
cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
8.60E-05
|
mg/kg/d |
NOAEL
x 1/300 |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
LOEL |
1.00E-01
|
mg/L |
EPA[483]
|
- |
inhib.
Plasma, RBC cholinesterase activity; histopathology in respiratory
epithelium |
rat |
RfD |
9.50E-02
|
mg/kg/d |
LOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
NOEL |
2.20E+00
|
mg/L |
EPA[484]
|
- |
significant
plasma, RBC, and brain cholinesterase inhibition |
rabbit |
RfD |
6.28E+00
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
x 1/100 |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
NOEL |
1.80E-04
|
mg/L |
EPA[485]
|
- |
whole
blood cholinesterase inhibition |
rat |
RfD |
1.70E-04
|
mg/kg/d |
NOEL
converted to mg/kg/d x 1/300 |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
NOEL |
- |
- |
- |
no
chronic exposure |
- |
- |
RfD |
- |
- |
no
chronic exposure |
|
a) |
A dash (-) indicates
one or more of the following apply: that no entry is necessary,
this item is not applicable, no data were reported, or extrapolation
was not done.
|
b) |
NOEL = no-observed-effect
level, NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level, LOEL = lowest-observed-effect
level, RfD = reference dose.
|
c) |
An
asterisk ("*") indicates a provisional value based on
a published value as described in the source or under basis. |
d) |
"O"
= other. |
e) |
RBC
= red blood cell. |
|
Table 101. Oral slope factors;
carcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Group |
Valueb
(mg/kg/d)-1
|
Source |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Target
Organ (Tumor Type) |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
D |
- |
EPA[486]
|
- |
not
classifiable as to human carcinogenicity |
rats/mice |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
- |
1.60E-02 |
Other[487]
|
- |
lung
and liver adenocarcinomas |
mice |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable |
- |
- |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
- |
- |
Other[488]
|
- |
evidence
of noncarcinogenicity |
rats/mice |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
E |
- |
EPA[489]
|
- |
not
likely carcinogenic to humans |
not
specified |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
- |
- |
EPA[490]
|
no
quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required |
suggestive
carcinogen |
- |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
- |
- |
EPA[491]
|
- |
no
evidence |
rats/mice |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
- |
- |
EPA[492]
|
- |
not
likely |
rats/mice |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
- |
- |
EPA[493]
|
previous
slope factor removed |
suggestive
carcinogen; no slope factor |
- |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
B |
3.70E-03 |
EPA[494]
|
- |
bladder
tumor |
rat |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
E |
- |
EPA[495]
|
- |
non-carcinogenic
to humans |
rats/mice |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
- |
- |
EPA[496]
|
previous
slope factor removed |
suggestive
carcinogen; no slope factor |
mice |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation
|
b) |
An asterisk ("*")
indicates a provisional value based on a published value as
described in the source or under basis
|
|
Table 102. Dermal slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Group |
Valueb
(mg/kg/d)-1
|
Oral
Absorption Factorc |
Source |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Target
Organ (Tumor Type) |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
- |
2.30E-02
|
0.70 |
Other[497]
|
- |
lung
and liver adenocarcinomas |
mice |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable |
- |
- |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
- |
-
|
- |
EPA[498]
|
no
quantitative assessment of cancer risk is required |
suggestive
carcinogen |
- |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
- |
-
|
- |
EPA[499]
|
- |
no
evidence of carcinogenicity |
rats/mice |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
- |
-
|
- |
EPA[500]
|
- |
carcinogenic
activity not likely |
rats/mice |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
- |
3.94E-03*
|
0.94 |
- |
oral
slope factor x 1/OAF |
- |
- |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
- |
-
|
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
An asterisk
("*") indicates a provisional value based on a published
value as described in the source or under basis.
|
c) |
Oral
absorption factors (OAFs) from Table 105. Used if the dermal slope
factor is derived from an oral slope factor. If so, the dermal
slope factor = oral SF x 1/OAF. |
|
Table 103. Inhalation slope factors; carcinogenic effectsa
CAS
No. |
Active
Ingredient |
Group |
Valueb
(mg/kg/d)-1
|
Source |
Additional
Basis and/or Comment |
Target
Organ (Tumor Type) |
Test
Species |
134-62-3 |
DEET |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
52645-53-1 |
Permethrin |
- |
1.60E-02* |
- |
oral
slope factor |
- |
- |
26002-80-2 |
d-Phenothrin |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable |
- |
- |
35575-96-3 |
Azamethiphos |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
16752-77-5 |
Methomyl |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
62-73-7 |
Dichlorvos |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
2921-88-2 |
Chlorpyrifos |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
333-41-5 |
Diazinon |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
121-75-5 |
Malathion |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
114-26-1 |
Propoxur |
- |
3.70E-03* |
- |
oral
slope factor |
- |
- |
22781-23-3 |
Bendiocarb |
- |
- |
EPA[501]
|
- |
carcinogenic
activity not likely |
rats/mice |
58-89-9 |
Lindane |
- |
- |
- |
data
unavailable (see oral) |
- |
- |
|
a) |
A
dash (-) indicates one or more of the following apply: that
no entry is necessary, this item is not applicable, no data
were reported, or extrapolation was not done.
|
b) |
An asterisk ("*")
indicates a provisional value based on a published value as
described in the source or under basis.
|
|
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