END NOTES

[1] Withers, B.G., et al., "Preventing Disease and Non-Battle Injury in Deployed Units," Military Medicine: International Journal of AMSUS, vol. 159, no. 1, January 1994, p. 39-40.

[2] Withers, Benjamin G., and Ralph L. Erickson, "Good Doctors Are Not Enough," Military Review, March 1994, p. 57, 63.

[3] Smoak, Bonnie, "Medical Threat Assessment: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Communicable Disease Report (Special Edition)," September 1990, p.7; US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Personal Protective Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance," Technical Guide No. 174, June 1, 1991, p. 1-1, 1-2.

[4] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 2.

[5] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 5.

[6] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 6.

[7] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 4. For current information about Department of Defense pesticide programs visit the Armed Forces Pest Management Board web site, www.afpmb.org (as of September 24, 2002), and the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Entomology Science Program web site, chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/ (as of September 24, 2002).

[8] Society for Vector Ecology, "Navy/Marine Desert Shield/Storm Vector Control Activity," Vector Ecology Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991, p. 3.

[9] Department of Defense, "Deployment to Operation Desert Shield: An Entomologist's Perspective," Proceedings of the DoD Preventive Medicine Workshop, February 10-14, 1992, p. G-2.

[10] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 20.

[11] Society for Vector Ecology, "Navy/Marine Desert Shield/Storm Vector Control Activity," Vector Ecology Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991, p. 3.

[12] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Desert Shield/Storm Presentation," Proceedings of the 137th Board Meeting, July 18, 1991, p. H-1.

[13] Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1998; Lead Sheet #15431, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 11, 1998.

[14] Lead Sheet #18857, Interview with 363rd Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates, pest controller, September 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #22238, Interview with Preventive Medicine Detachment Southwest Asia preventive medicine specialist, March 1, 1998.

[15] Lead Sheet #20824, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 5, 1999; Lead Sheet #16044, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, April 14, 1998; Lead Sheet #15293, Interview with 1st Marine Division preventive medicine technician, March 16, 1998.

[16] Lead Sheet #15012, Interview with 101 Airborne, 326th Medical Battalion, doctor, February 11, 1998.

[17] US House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, "Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: VA, DoD Continue to Resist Strong Evidence Linking Toxic Causes to Chronic Health Effects," House Report 105-388, November 7, 1997, p. 77-78, 82.

[18] US Senate, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, "Report of the Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses," 105-39, pt. I, 1998, p. 118.

[19] Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 2, "Insecticides and Solvents," The National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003, p. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8.

[20] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "EPA's Pesticide Programs," May 1991, p.1; US Environmental Protection Agency, legislative and regulatory information internet links, web site http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htm (as of January 23, 2003).

[21] Department of Defense, DoD Directive 4150.7, "DoD Pest Management Program," October 24, 1983, p. 5.

[22] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. ii.

[23] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988.

[24] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 1-2.

[25] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 3.

[26] Department of Defense, DoD Manual 4150.7-M, "Plan for Certification of Pesticide Applicators for Restricted Use Pesticides," December 8, 1985, p. B-9 - B-12.

[27] Lead Sheet #6028, Interview with Air Force civil engineer, September 16, 1997.

[28] Department of Defense, DoD Manual 4150.7-M, "Plan for Certification of Pesticide Applicators for Restricted Use Pesticides," December 8, 1985, p. B-14.

[29] US Navy, OPNAVINST 6250.4A, "Pest Management Programs," November 28, 1990, p. 9.

[30] US Army, Regulation 40-5, "Preventive Medicine," October 15, 1990, section 5-9a.

[31] US Air Force, Regulation 91-21, "Pest Management Program," March 6, 1981, p. 4.

[32] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Personal Protective Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance," Technical Guide No. 174, figure 2-12, June 1, 1991, p. 2-20.

[33] US Central Command, USCENTCOM Surgeon message, Subject: "Preventive Medicine Guidance for Operation Desert Shield," August 10, 1990, p. 2.

[34] XVIII Airborne Corps surgeon, Memorandum, Subject: "Operation Desert Shield Medical and Chemical Threat," 1990, p. 1-2.

[35] Department of Defense, permethrin arthropod repellent label, May 8, 1990.

[36] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.2, p. 22.

[37] XVIII Airborne Corps G-3, Memorandum, Subject: "Daily Staff Journal (Medical Update)," August 15, 1990, p. 2; 82nd Airborne Division, preventive medicine physician, Memorandum to the Army Surgeon General, Preventive Medicine Consultant, Subject: "Operation Desert Shield," October 5, 1990, p. 3.

[38] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 39.

[39] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: DEET," EPA #738 F-95-010, April 1998.

[40] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.2, p. 22.

[41] See Tab E for guidance on pesticide usage issued by DoD and the military services.

[42] Lead Sheet #9034, Interview with 47th Medical Supply, Optical, and Maintenance Battalion soldier, December 18, 1997; Lead Sheet #10181, Interview with 1015th Adjutant General (Postal Company) soldier, December 18, 1997; Lead Sheet #15477, Interview with 1072nd Refueling Wing (Provisional) airman, March 18, 1998.

[43] US Army, Field Manual 21-10-1, "Unit Field Sanitation Team," Appendix D, October 11, 1989.

[44] Defense Logistics Agency, Defense General Supply Center, "List of Pesticides Procured During Desert Shield/Storm (Acquired through the Federal Supply System)," April 12, 1994. Permethrin was packaged with 12 cans per box. Except for the DEET supplied in bottles, DEET was packaged with 12 tubes per box.

[45] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.3, p. 22.

[46] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.2, p. 22.

[47] Lead Sheet #7253, Interview with 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment veteran, December 9, 1997.

[48] Lead Sheet #7172, Interview with 1st Cavalry Division veteran, November 26, 1997, p. 1-2; Lead Sheet #7156, Interview with 47th Ordnance Detachment veteran, November 25, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #7183, Interview with 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment veteran, December 1, 1997, p. 1-2.

[49] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.18, p. 41.

[50] US Army, Field Manual 21-10-1, "Unit Field Sanitation Team," Appendix D, October 11, 1989.

[51] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 25.

[52] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.7, p. 28.

[53] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Flea Collars Registered with EPA Prior to 1992," September 29, 2000, p. 1-3.

[54] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 3.8, p. 29.

[55] Army Air Force Exchange Service, "Health Alert - Flea and Tick Collars - Operation Desert Shield," December 12, 1990, p. 1.

[56] US Army Health Services Command, Message, Subject: "Misuse of Tick/Flea Collars," September 14, 1990.

[57] US Army Surgeon General, Preventive Medicine Consultant, Situation Summary Report, "Desert Storm Preventive Medicine," February 1991.

[58] Lead Sheet #15295, Interview with 3rd Marine Air Wing preventive medicine technician, July 2, 1998, p. 2.; Lead Sheet #15289, Interview with 1st Force Service Support Group preventive medicine technician, March 11, 1998, p. 2; Lead Sheet #15752, Interview with Navy preventive medicine technician, April 1, 1998, p. 11.

[59] US Army, Field Manual 21-10-1, "Unit Field Sanitation Team," October 11, 1989, p. 1-1.

[60] US Army, Field Manual 21-10-1, "Unit Field Sanitation Team," October 11, 1989, p. 1-3.

[61] Lead Sheet #14966, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division environmental science officer, February 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #14968, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 19, 1998.

[62] Lead Sheet #15883, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, April 7, 1998; Lead Sheet #15111, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, February 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #15040, Interview with 71st Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 3, 1998; Lead Sheet #15122, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, February 17, 1998.

[63] Tab H provides additional information on EPW processing; Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix L, "Enemy Prisoner of War Operations," April 1992, p. 577-587.

[64] 14th Preventive Medicine Detachment, Memorandum to Commanding General, 332nd Medical Brigade, Subject: "Synopsis of Major Diseases in Theater of Operation," February 13, 1991; 22nd Support Command, Assistant Chief of Staff, Internal note to 22nd Support Command, Commanding General, Subject: "Delousing," January 25, 1991.

[65] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27; US Army, Field Manual 8-250, "Preventive Medicine Specialist," July 31, 1974, p. 15-10 through 15-12; Military Specification MIL-I-11490D, "Insecticide, Lindane, Powder, Dusting 25 Pounds," Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[66] Military Specification MIL-I-11490D, "Insecticide, Lindane, Powder, Dusting 25 Pounds," Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[67] Lead Sheet #20822, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, December 18, 1998, p. 1; Lead Sheet #20386, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp veteran, November 24, 1998, p. 3.

[68] Lead Sheet #19990, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp veteran, November 9, 1998, p. 2; Lead Sheet #20386, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp veteran, November 24, 1998, p. 2; Lead Sheet #24703, Interview with 358th Military Police Co. (Processing) veteran, September 5, 1999; Lead Sheet #20798, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, December 18, 1997.

[69] Lead Sheet #20177, Interview with 400th Military Police Camp veteran, November 18, 1998, p. 3-4; Lead Sheet #19990, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp veteran, November 9, 1998, p. 3; Lead Sheet #20911, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, January 6, 1998, p. 3.

[70] Lead Sheet #19946, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, November, 3, 1998, p. 3.

[71] Lead Sheet #19908, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, November 4, 1998, p. 3.

[72] United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, "Organophosphate Pesticide Investigation Team Substantive Report," December 6, 1996, p. 3-7.

[73] French Defense Minister, Letter to US Secretary of Defense, Subject: "Unofficial Translation" of fact sheet on uses of insecticides or insect repellents by French troops during Operation Daguet, June 7, 1999.

[74] Lead Sheet #6616, Interview with Air Force environmental health technician, October 27, 1997.

[75] Lead Sheet #15952, Interview with Navy preventive medicine technician, April 13, 1998; Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1998; Lead Sheet #18845, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, September 2, 1998.

[76] Lead Sheet #15002, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion preventive medicine non-commissioned officer, March 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #15033, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, September 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15210, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 27, 1998; Lead Sheet #15713, Interview with 173rd Medical Group preventive medicine specialist, April 15, 1998; Lead Sheet #15747, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade preventive medicine technician, April 8, 1998; Lead Sheet #15906, Interview with 439th Military Police EPW Camp Advisory Detachment preventive medicine NCO, April 13, 1998; Lead Sheet #18848, Interview with 831st Civil Engineering Squadron, Shaikh Isa International Airport, pest controller, September 14, 1998; Lead Sheet #18858, Interview with an Air Force pest controller, September 11, 1998.

[77] Lead Sheet #18858, Interview with an Air Force pest controller, September 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #18848, Interview with 831st Civil Engineering Squadron, Shaikh Isa International Airport, pest controller, September 14, 1998.

[78] Lead Sheet #15002, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion preventive medicine non-commissioned officer, March 11, 1998.

[79] Lead Sheet #17074, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, June 5, 1998.

[80] Lead Sheet #16775, Interview with Marine 4th Civil Affairs Group environmental health officer, May 21, 1998; Lead Sheet #17155, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, January 6, 1998.

[81] Lead Sheet #18857, Interview with 363rd Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates, pest controller, September 16, 1998.

[82] Lead Sheet #14992, Interview with 983rd Medical Detachment entomologist, February 11, 1998.

[83] Lead Sheet #5973, Interview with Marine 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, September 3, 1997; Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[84] Lead Sheet #5973, Interview with Marine 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, September 3, 1997.

[85] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[86] Meister Publishing Company, "Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000," Willoughby, Ohio, p. C115, C311.

[87] Meister Publishing Company, "Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000," Willoughby, Ohio, p. C125.

[88] Lead Sheet #6616, Interview with Air Force environmental health technician, Oct. 27, 1997.

[89] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[90] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. xvii.

[91] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 87-107.

[92] Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, vol. 1, "Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, and Vaccines," National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000, p. E-3.

[93] Ames, R.G., K. Steenland, B. Jenkins, D. Chrislip, and J. Russo, "Chronic Neurologic Sequelae to Cholinesterase Inhibition among Agricultural Pesticide Applicators," Archives of Environmental Health, vol. 50, 1995, p. 440-444; Steenland, K., et al., "Chronic Neurological Sequelae to Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 84, 1994, p.731-736; Feldman, Robert G., Occupational and Environmental Neurotoxicology, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1999, p. 432; Brown, Mark A. and Kelley A. Brix, "Review of Health Consequences from High-, Intermediate-, and Low-level Exposure to Organophosphorus Nerve Agents," Journal of Applied Technology, vol. 18, 1998, p. 405.

[94] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 110.

[95] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 107-110.

[96] Ames, R.G., K. Steenland, B. Jenkins, D. Chrislip, and J. Russo, "Chronic Neurologic Sequelae to Cholinesterase Inhibition among Agricultural Pesticide Applicators," Archives of Environmental Health, vol. 50, 1995, p. 440-444.

[97] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 110.

[98] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 28.

[99] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 15.

[100] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 37

[101] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 33.

[102] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 37.

[103] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 37.

[104] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 57-69.

[105] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 58.

[106] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 69.

[107] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 39-51.

[108] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 39-51.

[109] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 39-51.

[110] US Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Regulation Notice 97-6, "Notice to Manufacturers, Formulators, Producers, and Registrants of Pesticide Products," June, 1997.

[111] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 119.

[112] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, Table 5.1, p. 61.

[113] Golomb, B.A., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 2, "Pyridostigmine Bromide," RAND, 1999, p. 45.

[114] Golomb, B.A., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 2, "Pyridostigmine Bromide," RAND, 1999, p. 270.

[115] Abdel-Rahman, A., A.K. Shetty, and M.B. Abou-Donia, "Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in Cingulate Cortex, Dentate Gyrus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus in a Rat Model of Gulf-War Syndrome," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 10, 2002, p. 306.

[116] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 63.

[117] Proctor, S.P., et al., "Health Status of Persian Gulf War Veterans: Self-reported Symptoms, Environmental Exposures and Health Effects," International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 27, 1998, p. 1000, 1007.

[118] Cherry, N. et al., "Health and Exposures of United Kingdom Gulf War veterans. Part II: The Relation of Health to Exposure," Occupational Environmental Medicine, vol. 58, 2001, p. 299.

[119] Reid, S. et al., "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in British Gulf War veterans," American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 153, no. 6, 2001, p. 604.

[120] Ishoy, T. et al., "Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Symptoms, The Danish Gulf War Study," Danish Medical Bulletin, vol. 46, no. 5, 1999, p. 420.

[121] Lead Sheet #28069, Interview with airman, October 17, 2000.

[122] Lead Sheet #18680, Interview with Army member, January 12, 2000.

[123] Department of Veterans Affairs, Board of Veterans' Appeals, Docket No. 96-08 850, "Entitlement to Service Connection for the Cause of the Veteran's Death," September 15, 1998, p. 2, 7.

[124] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Preliminary HED Risk Assessment for Dichlorvos," August 9, 2000, p. 7, 53, 54.

[125] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Occupational/Residential Handler and Postapplication Residential/Non-Occupational Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos," June 20, 2000, p. 9, 54.

[126] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Flea Collars Registered with EPA Prior to 1992," September 29, 2000, p. 2. Table 1 lists dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos among eleven active ingredients in collars registered with EPA from 1986 through 1991.

[127] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27; US Army, Field Manual 8-250, "Preventive Medicine Specialist," July 31, 1974, p. 15-10 through 15-12; Military Specification MIL-I-11490D, "Insecticide, Lindane, Powder, Dusting 25 Pounds," Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[128] Lindsay, Gaylord C., "A Fortuitous Anomaly: Infectious Disease Rates in Operations Desert Shield/Storm," Army Research, Development, & Acquisition Bulletin, May-June 1992, p. 29.

[129] Hyams, K.C., et al., "The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Health of US Troops Deployed to the Persian Gulf During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm," Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 20; 1995: 1497-1504 p. 1-8; Martin, S. et. al., "Leishmaniasis in the United States Military," Military Medicine, December 1998, p. 801.

[130] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. xxviii.

[131] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. xxviii.

[132] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. xxviii.

[133] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. xvii-xxvi.

[134] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[135] United Kingdom, House of Commons, Defence Committee, Sixth Report, "Gulf War Illness: Latest Developments," Session 1996-1997, p. xv; British Liaison Office (Gulf Health), Letter to Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject: "OSAGWI Request: Pesticide Policy," June 11, 1999.

[136] Defense General Supply Center, Message, Subject: "AFPMB Notice on Insecticide, Lindane Dusts," April 14, 1994.

[137] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Guide No. 6, "Delousing Procedures for the Control of Louse-borne Disease During Contingency Operations," March 6, 2002.

[138] Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition & Technology), Memorandum, Subject: "Approval for Local Purchase of Pesticides During Deployment Operations," February 1, 1999.

[139] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," Chapter 6, "Safety," June 1992.

[140] Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition & Technology), Memorandum to Secretaries of the Military Departments, Subject: "Recording and Archiving Pesticide Use During Military Operations," August 21, 1997; Department of Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary (Installation and Environment), Memorandum to Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Environment Security), Subject: "Recording and Archiving Pesticide Use During Military Operations," November 13, 1997, p. 1-2; Department of the Navy, Office of the Assistant Secretary (Installation and Environment), Memorandum to Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), Subject: "Recording and Archiving Pesticide Use During Military Operations," November 4, 1997, p. 1; Department of Air Force, Memorandum to Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), Subject: "Recording and Archiving Pesticide Use During Military Operations," October 29, 1997, p. 1.

[141] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "DoD and Service Policy and Guidance on Recording, Reporting, and Archiving Pesticide Use During Military Operations," May 18, 2000, p. 1-4.

[142] Department of Defense, DoD Manual 6055.5-M, "Occupational Medical Surveillance Manual," May 1998, para. C 3.2.1.3.

[143] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, "Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel,"August 2000, p. C-45.

[144] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "DoD Contingency Pesticides," March 1, 2002, p. 4.

[145] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Guide No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Guide - 2002 edition," March 6, 2002, p. 10, 14, 16, 18, 20. Technical Guides were formerly called Technical Infomation Memorandums.

[146] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 30, "Filth Flies," January 2001, p. 21.

[147] Schreider, Dr. Jay, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, E-mail message, Subject: "DDVP Pest Strips," April 11, 2001.

[148] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol. 60, no. 188, "Dichlorvos; Notice of Preliminary Determination to Cancel Certain Registrations and Draft Notice of Intent to Cancel," September 28, 1995, p. 50340.

[149] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. G-2.

[150] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. xvi.

[151] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 7-16.

[152] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 22.

[153] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 23-41.

[154] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 28-34.

[155] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 35-41.

[156] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 41.

[157] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 44-47.

[158] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 4th ed., September 1991, p. 17.

[159] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Determination of Exposure Levels in a Simulated Delousing Procedure," Study # 75-51-0580-87, February 1987, p. 1-2.

[160] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 14, "Personal Protective Equipment for Pest Management Personnel," March 1992, p. 11, 13, 14.

[161] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. 1, "Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final," #EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989, p. 5-22.

[162] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000.

[163] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, web site www.epa.gov/pesticides/ (as of September 24, 2002).

[164] Oregon State University, "Pesticide Information Profile for Bendiocarb," web site www.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/bendioca.htm, (as of September 24, 2002)).

[165] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, (as of September 24, 2002).

[166] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, web site www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[167] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998.

[168] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997.

[169] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 17.

[170] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 20.

[171] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 21.

[172] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 20.

[173] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 20.

[174] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 40.

[175] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15.

[176] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 16. The 14.7% propoxur EC is not listed, so the highest listed final concentration for the 70% propoxur WP was used.

[177] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 18, 24, 37, 40, 44.

[178] Assumed maximum final concentration for ultra low volume (ULV) application.

[179] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15.

[180] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 25.

[181] Lead Sheet #27859, Meeting with US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, December 7, 1999.

[182] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 2.

[183] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 4. EPA specifies that typical application rates should be used in cancer risk assessments.

[184] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 10.

[185] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 9.

[186] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 7-10.

[187] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 8-1.

[188] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 5-24.

[189] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 7-4.

[190] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 16.

[191] Klaassen, Curtis D., Louis J. Casarett, and Mary O. Amdur, Casarett & Doull's Toxicology - The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996, p. 15.

[192] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. 1, "Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final," #EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989, p. 6-2.

[193] Lead Sheet #27859, Meeting with US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, December 7, 1999.

[194] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998.

[195] Leighton, T.M. and A.P. Nielsen, "The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada, and National Agriculture Chemicals Association Pesticide Handlers Database," Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, vol. 10, no. 4, April 1995, p. 270-273.

[196] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 10.

[197] Coulston International Corporation, Final US Environmental Protection Agency Approved Label - Permethrin, Easton, PA, May 1990.

[198] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 30. High confidence in the values used, as rated by EPA.

[199] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 30. High confidence in the values used, as rated by EPA.

[200] XVIII Airborne Corps surgeon, Memorandum, Subject: "Operation Desert Shield Medical and Chemical Threat," August 1990 - January 1991 (undated), p. 2. Values are 0.25, 0.5, and 1 times the maximum rate recommended.

[201] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 134. Fraction of applied dose dermally absorbed.

[202] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 74.

[203] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 6. Inputs are all medium exposure factors.

[204] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 29-30.

[205] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 6-25. Central tendency for 25% of the body, respectively.

[206] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 46.

[207] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 46.

[208] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 19.

[209] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 47-48.

[210] Coulston International Corporation, Final US Environmental Protection Agency Approved Label - Permethrin, Easton, PA, May 1990.

[211] Coulston International Corporation, Final US Environmental Protection Agency Approved Label - Permethrin, Easton, PA, May 1990.

[212] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 49. This is the surface area of the body covered by a BDU.

[213] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 134.

[214] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 49.

[215] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 134.

[216] The mass balance equation does not come from a specific source; it is based on logic.

[217] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 118-119.

[218] GEOMET Technologies, Inc., "MCCEM: Multi-Chamber Concentration and Exposure Model and User's Guide," Developed for EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, November 1995.

[219] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 107. Flux rate = CS x MF; the ET and CF1 factors from the source document are not applicable here, because the migration factor accounts for an entire day's exposure.

[220] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 6.

[221] Airosol Company, Inc., Product label for Airosol(r) Aircraft Insecticide, 1995. The active ingredient is d-phenothrin.

[222] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 30. High confidence in the values used, as rated by EPA.

[223] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 30. High confidence in the values used, as rated by EPA.

[224] Airosol Company, Inc., Product label for Airosol(r) Aircraft Insecticide, 1995. The active ingredient is d-phenothrin. Label specifies application rate of 10 grams per 1,000 ft3.

[225] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 74.

[226] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 49-50.

[227] Airosol Company, Inc., Product label for Airosol(r) Aircraft Insecticide, 1995. The active ingredient is d-phenothrin.

[228] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 38.

[229] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 17, August 1998, p. 42. Scenario 17 covers granular bait dispersed by hand. Medium confidence in the low and medium values; low confidence in high value.

[230] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 17, August 1998, p. 42. Scenario 17 covers granular bait dispersed by hand. Medium confidence in the values used, as rated by EPA..

[231] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., Product label for Snip(r) Fly Killer, Issued by Saudi Company for Agricultural and Chemical Products (SACOM), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

[232] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 40. Palmar surface area for one hand.

[233] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 40-41.

[234] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 4-21. Recommended central estimate for adults.

[235] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 6-23. The value of 0.47 mg/cm2 is the higher of two values for soil adherence on the hands of farmers.

[236] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 10. Chemical resistant gloves provide a 90% reduction in exposure to hands.

[237] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 41.

[238] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p. 13.

[239] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1164. In a dermal study in mice, more than half of applied methomyl penetrated the skin.

[240] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 41.

[241] Lead Sheet #7151, Interview with member of Army 2nd Battalion, 505th Infantry, November 24, 1997, p. 1.

[242] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1401.

[243] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1346.

[244] Freeze, R.A. and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, p. 37.

[245] Lead Sheet #7160, Interview with 2nd Marine Division veteran, November 25, 1997, p. 1.

[246] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1401.

[247] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1346.

[248] Freeze, R.A. and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, p. 37.

[249] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1401.

[250] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1346.

[251] Freeze, R.A. and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, p. 37.

[252] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1401.

[253] Budavari, S. et al. (eds.), The Merck Index, 11th ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1989, p. 1346.

[254] Freeze, R.A. and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979, p. 37.

[255] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 41. The value of 480 mg/d is considered by EPA to be a worst-case scenario. It is used here, in part, to compensate for the lack of post-application dermal evaluation.

[256] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 4-21, 4-22. The medium value is the recommended central estimate for adults. The high value is the highest value listed for adults.

[257] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Safety Data Sheet: Azamethiphos Tech.," June 19, 1995, p. 5.

[258] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 39.

[259] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 38.

[260] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 125.

[261] Shell Chemical Company, Product label for No-Pest Strip(r) Insecticide, San Ramon, CA, (no date).

[262] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP): Risk Assessment Issues for the Science Advisory Panel," July 8, 1998, p. 38.

[263] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Dichlorvos (CASRN: 62-73-7)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Dichlorvos," (as of September 24, 2002).

[264] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP): Risk Assessment Issues for the Science Advisory Panel," July 8, 1998, p. 32-38.

[265] Collins, R.D. and D.M. DeVries, "Air Concentrations and Food Residues from Use of Shell's No-Pest Insecticide Strip," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 9, no. 4, 1973, p. 227-233.

[266] Collins, R.D. and D.M. DeVries, "Air Concentrations and Food Residues from Use of Shell's No-Pest Insecticide Strip," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 9, no. 4, 1973, p. 227-233.

[267] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 10.

[268] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 59. The equation shown above to calculate VF is the same as Equation 1 presented in the source; we renamed the variables for consistency in the HRA.

[269] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 32, August 1998, p. 68.

[270] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 34, August 1998, p. 71.

[271] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, Scenario 32, p. 68-69.

[272] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 34, August 1998, p. 71.

[273] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 56.

[274] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[275] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[276] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 7. Typical value presented in source is 5 gal/d; maximum value is 40 gal/d.

[277] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[278] DowElanco, Specimen Label for Dursban 4E Insecticide (contains 44.9% chlorpyrifos), Indianapolis, IN, p. 2.

[279] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 65. Dermal absorption study in a human.

[280] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[281] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[282] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 7. Typical value presented in source is 5 gal/d; maximum value is 40 gal/d.

[283] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[284] Octagon Process Inc., Product Label for Insecticide Diazinon, Emulsifiable Concentrate (contains 47.4% diazinon), Edgewater, New Jersey, September 18, 1973, 2 p.

[285] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 77. Highest value reported from a dermal absorption study in humans.

[286] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15, 21, 30, 35.

[287] Octagon Process Inc., Product Label for Insecticide Malathion, Emulsifiable Concentrate (contains 57% malathion), Edgewater, New Jersey, September 18, 1973, 2 p.

[288] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15, 21, 30, 35.

[289] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 7. Typical value presented in source is 5 gal/d; maximum value is 40 gal/d. 90th Percentile exposure time = 6 hours; thus, the high value = (6/8) x 40 gal/d = 30 gal/d.

[290] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15, 21, 30, 35.

[291] Octagon Process Inc., Product Label for Insecticide Malathion, Emulsifiable Concentrate (contains 57% malathion), Edgewater, New Jersey, September 18, 1973, 2 p.

[292] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 7. Recommended value based on a human dermal absorption study.

[293] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 16, 19, 22, 24, 32, 37, 41, 44.

[294] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 16, 19, 22, 24, 32, 37, 41, 44. TIM 24 does not list the 14.7% EC; rather, a 70% WP and 1% oil solution are listed.

[295] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 7. Typical value presented in source is 5 gal/d; maximum value is 40 gal/d. 90th Percentile exposure time = 3 hours; thus, the high value = (3/8) x 40 gal/d = 15 gal/d.

[296] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 16, 19, 22, 24, 32, 37, 41, 44. TIM 24 does not list the 14.7% EC; rather, a 70% WP and 1% oil solution are listed.

[297] Miles Inc., Specialty Products, Product Label for Insecticide Baygon Emulsifiable Concentrate (contains 14.7% propoxur), Kansas City, MO, December 4, 1992.

[298] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1174. Value from a human dermal absorption study.

[299] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 74.

[300] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 6. Inputs are all medium exposure factors.

[301] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14-15.

[302] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997. Table 6-4, p. 6-14, mean surface areas for adult male.

[303] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14-15.

[304] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 14, 18, 20, 29, 36, 39, 43.

[305] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[306] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[307] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19. Based on national survey, mean daily time spent in kitchen for men and women is 104 minutes.

[308] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19. Based on national survey, mean daily time spent in bathroom for men and women is 38 minutes.

[309] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 65. Dermal absorption study in a human.

[310] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p.18, 23, 26, 36, 40, 43.

[311] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[312] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[313] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[314] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[315] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 77. Highest value reported from a dermal absorption study in humans.

[316] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15, 21, 30, 35.

[317] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[318] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[319] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[320] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[321] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 7. Recommended value based on a human dermal absorption study.

[322] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 16, 19, 22, 24, 32, 37, 41, 44. TIM 24 does not list the 14.7% EC; rather, a 70% WP and 1% oil solution are listed.

[323] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[324] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14.

[325] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[326] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997,p. 15A-19.

[327] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1174. Value from a human dermal absorption study.

[328] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 125.

[329] Wright, C.G., R.B. Leidy, and H.E. Dupree, "Insecticides in the Ambient Air of Rooms Following Their Application for Control of Pests," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, vol. 26, 1981, p. 552.

[330] Wright, C.G. and R.B. Leidy, "Chlorpyrifos Residues in Air After Application to Crevices in Rooms," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, vol. 19, 1981, p. 343.

[331] Wright, C.G., R.B. Leidy, and H.E. Dupree, "Insecticide Residues in Air of Buildings and Pest Control Vehicles," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, vol. 24, 1980, p. 586.

[332] Howard, P.K., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, vol. III, "Pesticides," Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1991, p. 135.

[333] Howard, P.K., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, vol. III, "Pesticides," Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1991, p. 212.

[334] Howard, P.K., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, vol. III, "Pesticides," Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1991, p. 475.

[335] Wright, C.G., R.B. Leidy, and H.E. Dupree, "Insecticides in the Ambient Air of Rooms Following Their Application for Control of Pests," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, vol. 26, 1981, p. 552.

[336] Howard, P.K., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, vol. III, "Pesticides," Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1991, p. 586.

[337] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 15.

[338] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 6.

[339] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 59.

[340] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 18, 24, 30, 37, 40, 44.

[341] "No glove" hand data were not provided in Scenario 33 from the PHED Guide. Value shown is from Scenario 32 for liquids. Since the value for gloved hands under WPs is higher than for liquids, it may be presumed that the ungloved value for WPs should be at least as high as for liquids.

[342] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 33, August 1998, p. 70.

[343] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 33, August 1998, p. 70.

[344] 90th Percentile exposure time = 3 hours; OPP/HED assume a typical rate of 5 and a maximum of 40 gal/d for an 8-hour day. The high value = (3/8) x 40 gal/d = 15 gal/d.

[345] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 18, 24, 30, 37, 40, 44.

[346] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 56.

[347] NOR-AM Chemical Company, Specimen Label for Ficam W Wettable Powder Insecticide (contains 76% bendiocarb), Wilmington, DE, (no date), 4 p.

[348] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1144. Value from a human dermal absorption study.

[349] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 74.

[350] Oregon State University, "Pesticide Information Profile for Bendiocarb," web site www.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/bendioca.htm, (as of September 24, 2002). Vapor pressure listed as 0.66 mPa @ 25o C; 1 mPa = 7.5 x 10-6 mm Hg.

[351] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 12.

[352] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 18, 24, 30, 37, 40, 44.

[353] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14. The OPP recommendation for ECs was applied to bendiocarb.

[354] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 14. The OPP recommendation for ECs was applied to bendiocarb.

[355] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997,, p. 15A-19.

[356] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume III, "Activity Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 15A-19.

[357] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1144. Value from a human dermal absorption study.

[358] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 15.

[359] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 13, "Ultra Low Volume Dispersal of Insecticides by Ground Equipment," March 1985, p. 6-9.

[360] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 13, "Ultra Low Volume Dispersal of Insecticides by Ground Equipment," March 1985, p. 1.

[361] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 3, August 1998, p. 19.

[362] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 3, August 1998, p. 19.

[363] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 28. AR for 25% chlorpyrifos EC/ULV for light to medium vegetative cover. Heavy vegetative cover was unlikely.

[364] Clarke Outdoor Spraying Co., Product label for Dursban(r) 1.5 U.L.V. Mosquitocide, Roselle, Illinois, (no date).

[365] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 65. Dermal absorption in a human study.

[366] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 15.

[367] American Cyanamid Co., Specimen Label for Cythion Malathion ULV Concentrate (contains 91.0% malathion).

[368] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 7.

[369] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments - Draft," December 19, 1997, p. 74.

[370] Lead Sheet #25231, Interview of Air Force deputy base commander, September 28, 1999, p. 1.

[371] Lead Sheet #24865, Interview of Air Force E6, September 15, 1999, p. 1.

[372] Time to complete application in vicinity of receptor. Wind would have substantially diminished air concentrations beyond 30 minutes.

[373] Values are 10th percentile, average, and 90th percentile from PM interviews.

[374] Time to complete application in vicinity of receptor. Wind would have substantially diminished air concentrations beyond 30 minutes.

[375] Values are 10th percentile, average, and 90th percentile from PM interviews.

[376] Clarke Outdoor Spraying Co., Product label for Dursban(r) 1.5 U.L.V. Mosquitocide, Roselle, Illinois, (no date).

[377] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 28

[378] American Cyanamid Co., "Material Safety Data Sheet for Malathion ULV Concentrate Insecticide," MSDS No. AG00087-5, June 2, 1997, web site http://hazard.com/msds/mf/cyanamid/files/3 (as of January 27, 2003).

[379] US Environmental Protection Agency, "INPUFF 2.0 - A Multiple Source Gaussian Puff Dispersion Algorithm," EPA-600/8-86/024, August 1986

[380] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 13, "Ultra Low Volume Dispersal of Insecticides by Ground Equipment," March 1985, p. 10-11.

[381] US Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix L, "Enemy Prisoner of War Operations," April 1992, p. 577-587.

[382] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27.

[383] US Army, Field Manual 8-250, "Preventive Medicine Specialist," July 31, 1974, p 15-10 through 15-12.

[384] Military Specification MIL-I-11490D, "Insecticide, Lindane, Powder, Dusting, 25 Pounds," Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[385] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," August 1998, p. 10.

[386] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 4, August 1998, p. 20. Scenario 4 covers open mixing and loading for wettable powder; confidence is low.

[387] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide," Scenario 4, August 1998, p. 21. Scenario 4 covers open mixing and loading for wettable powder; confidence is medium.

[388] US Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix L, "Enemy Prisoner of War Operations," April 1992, p. 577-587.

[389] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27. The power unit described is provided with 10 lengths of hose.

[390] US Army, Field Manual 8-250, "Preventive Medicine Specialist," July 31, 1974, p. 15-10 through 15-12. The power unit illustrated has 10 ports for discharging pesticide dust.

[391] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "A Review of Department of Defense Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, 3/9/99 DRAFT, 'Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides in the Gulf,'" February 29, 2000, p. 17.

[392] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27.

[393] Octagon Process Inc., Product Label for Insecticide Lindane, Powder, Dusting (contains 1% lindane), Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[394] WA = APR x AMT x (1 lb/16 oz) x (0.01 lb a.i./lb).

[395] Low exposure assumes use of a respirator. Medium exposure assumes 12 ACH. High exposure assumes 4 ACH.

[396] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 6-25. Values are central tendency for 10%, 25%, and 100% of the body, respectively.

[397] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Determination of Exposure Levels in a Simulated Delousing Procedure," Study # 75-51-0580-87, February 1987, p. 3. The Army determined a 12-fold protection factor for BDUs. Therefore, in cases of high dust levels, substantial amounts of lindane would reach the skin through BDUs, translating to nearly whole-body exposure.

[398] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 6-22, 6-23. Low = lowest of five geometric means for soil on the arms of groundskeepers. Medium = highest of five geometric means for soil on the arms of groundskeepers. High = higher of two geometric means for soil on the arms of farmers.

[399] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 4-20 through 4-21.

[400] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane, Update," September 1997, p. 78. At least 9 percent was absorbed through human forearm after 24 hours.

[401] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Determination of Exposure Levels in a Simulated Delousing Procedure," Study # 75-51-0580-87, February 1987, p. C-1.

[402] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Determination of Exposure Levels in a Simulated Delousing Procedure," Study # 75-51-0580-87, February 1987, p. 3.

[403] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I, "General Factors," EPA #600/P-95/002Fa, August 1997, p. 4-16-4-21.

[404] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, "Determination of Exposure Levels in a Simulated Delousing Procedure," Study # 75-51-0580-87, February 1987.

[405] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27.

[406] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. 1, "Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final," #EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989, p. 7-1.

[407] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000.

[408] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Permethrin," April 26, 1994, p. 2.

[409] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[410] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[411] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 20.

[412] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[413] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[414] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 21.

[415] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 12.

[416] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 16.

[417] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Permethrin," April 26, 1994, p. 4.

[418] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol.59, "Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Regulations," ref # 193-Phenothrin, January 12, 1994, p. 105.

[419] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p. 6.

[420] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[421] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[422] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 13.

[423] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[424] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Revised NOAEL for Derivation of the Chronic Reference Dose," November 1, 1999, p. 3.

[425] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 14.

[426] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Bendiocarb," EPA #738-F-99-010, September 1999, p. 2-3.

[427] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 16.

[428] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 12-13.

[429] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Permethrin," April 26, 1994, p. 5.

[430] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol. 59, "Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Regulations," ref. # 193-Phenothrin, January 12, 1994, p. 105.

[431] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p. 8-9.

[432] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[433] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[434] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[435] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[436] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Revised NOAEL for Derivation of the Chronic Reference Dose - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," November 1, 1999, p. 3.

[437] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 14.

[438] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Bendiocarb," EPA #738-F-99-010, September 1999, p. 2-3.

[439] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 17.

[440] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 61.

[441] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p. 4, 7.

[442] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[443] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[444] US Environmental Protection Agency, Memorandum, Subject: "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[445] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[446] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[447] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[448] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Bendiocarb," EPA #738-F-99-010, September 1999, p. 2.

[449] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 12.

[450] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Permethrin," April 26, 1994, p. 4.

[451] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p 4, 7.

[452] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[453] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[454] US Environmental Protection Agency, Memorandum, Subject: "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[455] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[456] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[457] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[458] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 12.

[459] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[460] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[461] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 17.

[462] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[463] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[464] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 12.

[465] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[466] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[467] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[468] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 9.

[469] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[470] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[471] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 17-18.

[472] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[473] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Studies Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[474] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[475] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 9.

[476] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[477] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[478] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 17-18.

[479] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Methomyl - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," March 3, 1998, p. 11.

[480] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Dichlorvos (DDVP) - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 12.

[481] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 21.

[482] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 9.

[483] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Malathion - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," December 17, 1997, p. 19.

[484] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[485] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 12.

[486] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 24.

[487] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 93-103.

[488] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicological Evaluation, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 16, 1992, p. 8-10.

[489] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Methomyl," October 10, 1996, p. 9.

[490] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Preliminary HED Risk Assessment for Dichlorvos," August 9, 2000, p. 2.

[491] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 13.

[492] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 10.

[493] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Malathion - Revisions to the Preliminary Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," April 28, 2000, p. 2.

[494] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. v.

[495] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 4.

[496] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised HED Risk Assessment for Lindane," January 30, 2002, p. 15.

[497] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 93-103.

[498] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Preliminary HED Risk Assessment for Dichlorvos," August 9, 2000, p. 2.

[499] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 13.

[500] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Diazinon - Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," September 21, 1999, p. 10.

[501] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Bendiocarb - Hazard Identification Committee Report," December 16, 1997, p. 4.

[502] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000.

[503] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 106.

[504] Barnes, D.G. and M. Dourson, "Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 8, 1988, p. 485-486.

[505] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Science Policy on The Use of Data on Cholinesterase Inhibition for Risk Assessments of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides," August 18, 2000, p. 25-30.

[506] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 24.

[507] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. v.

[508] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 22, 30, 31.

[509] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 20-21.

[510] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 39-51.

[511] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Chlorpyrifos - HED Preliminary Risk Assessment for Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," October 18, 1999, p. 13, 20, 21.

[512] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 25.

[513] Osimitz , Thomas G., and Jerome V. Murphy, "Neurological Effects Associated with Use of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 439.

[514] Robbins P.J. and M.G. Cherniack, "Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1986, p. 506.

[515] Gotoh, Y., M. Kawakami, N. Matsumoto, and Y. Okada, "Permethrin Emulsion Ingestion: Clinical Manifestations and Clearance of Isomers," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 36, nos. 1, 2, 1998, p. 58.

[516] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Permethrin," vol. 53, 1991, p. 334, 341.

[517] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 11.

[518] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 11.

[519] Scott, Gordon, "National Guideline for the Management of Phthirus Pubis Infestation," Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 75, no. 1, August 1999, p. S78.

[520] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 11.

[521] Liddle, J.A., et.al., "A Fatal Episode of Accidental Methomyl Poisoning," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 15, no. 2, 1979, p. 166.

[522] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl," Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, p. 27, 107.

[523] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl," Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, p. 81.

[524] Miyazaki, T., et al., "Fatal and Non-Fatal Methomyl in an Attempted Double Suicide," Forensic Science International, vol. 42, 1989, p. 269.

[525] Gillett, J.W., J.R. Harr, F.T. Lindstrom, D.A. Mount, A.D. St. Clair, and L.J. Weber, "Evaluation of Human Health Hazards on Use of Dichlorvos, Especially in Resin Strips," Residue Reviews - Residues of Pesticides and Other Contaminants in the Total Environment, vol. 44, 1972, p. 142.

[526] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[527] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[528] Deer, Howard M., Edward D. Beck, and Alan H. Roe, "Respiratory Exposure of Museum Personnel to Dichlorvos Insecticide," Veterinary and Human Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 3, June 1993, p. 226.

[529] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[530] Nolan, R.J., D.L. Rick, N.L. Freshour, and J.H. Saunders, "Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in Human Volunteers," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1, 1984, p. 10.

[531] Lotti, M., et al., "Inhibition of Lymphocytic Neuropathy Target Esterase Predicts the Development of Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Polyneuropathy," Archives of Toxicology, vol. 59, no. 3, 1986, p. 176.

[532] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17

[533] Nolan, R.J., D.L. Rick, N.L. Freshour, and J.H. Saunders, "Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in Human Volunteers," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1, 1984, p. 10.

[534] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 19-20.

[535] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 19-20.

[536] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 19-20.

[537] Hayes, A.L., R.A. Wise, and F.W. Weir, "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates by Pest Control Operators," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 41, no. 8, August 1980, p. 569.

[538] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, Supplement IV-OHG, "Occupational Safety and Health Guide for Diazinon," 1995, p. 30.

[539] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4.

[540] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4.

[541] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, Supplement IV-OHG, "Occupational Safety and Health Guide for Diazinon," 1995, p. 30.

[542] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4.

[543] Maizlish, N., et al., "A Behavioral Evaluation of Pest Control Workers with Short-term, Low-level Exposure to the Organophosphate Diazinon," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 12, 1997, p. 158-159.

[544] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 6.

[545] National Toxicology Program, NTP Chemical Repository, "Malathion," web site http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/CHEM_H&S/NTP_Chem1/Radian121-75-5.html, (as of September 24, 2002).

[546] National Toxicology Program, NTP Chemical Repository, "Malathion," web site http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/CHEM_H&S/NTP_Chem1/Radian121-75-5.html, (as of September 24, 2002).

[547] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Malathion," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0248.htm, (as of September 24, 2002).

[548] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Malathion," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0248.htm, (as of September 24, 2002).

[549] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 21.

[550] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 21.

[551] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 21.

[552] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 21.

[553] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22-23.

[554] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[555] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, 1999, p. 134-135.

[556] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[557] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, 1999, p. 134-135.

[558] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[559] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, 1999, p. 134-135.

[560] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009," August 1997, p. 22.

[561] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[562] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[563] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[564] Patel, F., Letter to the Editor, "Poisoning from Carbofuran," Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 38, no. 1, 1993, p. 7.

[565] Bonsall, J.L. and J. Goose, "The Safety Evaluation of Bendiocarb, A Residual Insecticide for Vector Control," Toxicology Letters, vol. 33, 1986, p. 58.

[566] Currie, K.L., E.C. McDonald, L.T.K. Chung, and A.R. Higgs, "Concentrations of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Bendiocarb after Application in Offices," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 51, no. 1, 1990, p. 24.

[567] Bonsall, J.L. and J. Goose, "The Safety Evaluation of Bendiocarb, A Residual Insecticide for Vector Control," Toxicology Letters, vol. 33, 1986, p. 58.

[568] Currie, K.L., E.C. McDonald, L.T.K. Chung, and A.R. Higgs, "Concentrations of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Bendiocarb after Application in Offices," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 51, no. 1, 1990, p. 24.

[569] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[570] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 124: Lindane," Geneva, Switzerland, 1991, p. 123.

[571] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 124: Lindane," Geneva, Switzerland, 1991, p. 123.

[572] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Lindane (CASRN: 58-89-9)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Lindane," (as of September 24, 2002).

[573] American Cancer Society, "What is Cancer?" http://www3.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=cri (as of January 28, 2003).

[574] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Malathion - Revisions to the Preliminary Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document," April 28, 2000, p. 2.

[575] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. 1, "Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final," #EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989, p. A-1 through A-4.

[576] Used for deriving dermal toxicity values from oral toxicity values, where appropriate.

[577] National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology, Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1994, p. 28.

[578] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Toxicology Expert Report, Azamethiphos (CGA 18'809)," April 30, 1992, p. 12.

[579] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Carbaryl (CASRN: 63-25-2)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Carbaryl," (as of September 24, 2002).

[580] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Dichlorvos," 1997, p. 67.

[581] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 65.

[582] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 76.

[583] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Malathion (CASRN: 121-75-5)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Malathion," (as of September 24, 2002). The disposition of an oral dose in rats after 24 hours was as follows: 83% in urine, 6% in feces, 3% in expired air, and 8% remained in the GI tract. Thus, we assumed that all except that in feces was eventually absorbed.

[584] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Carbaryl (CASRN: 63-25-2)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Carbaryl," (as of September 24, 2002).

[585] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane, Update," September 1997, p. 78.

[586] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Guidance for Performing Aggregate Exposure and Risk Assessments," October 29, 1999, p. 38. OPP states that an HQ or HI > 1 suggests a risk of concern.

[587] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Dichlorvos (DDVP)," August 9, 2000, p. 7.

[588] US Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, NCEA-F-0644, July 1999, p. xviii.

[589] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 87, 107.

[590] Ecobichon, D.J., Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed., Chapter 22, "Toxic Effects of Pesticides," C.D. Klaasen, editor, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, p. 655.

[591] Karczmar, A., "Anticholinesterases: Dramatic Aspects of Their Use and Misuse," Neurochemistry International, vol. 32, 1998, p. 401.

[592] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Science Policy on a Common Mechanism of Toxicity: the Carbamate Pesticides and the Grouping of Carbamate with the Organophosphorus Pesticides-Draft," August 30, 1999, p. 1-28.

[593] Ecobichon, D.J., Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed., Chapter 22, "Toxic Effects of Pesticides," C.D. Klaasen, editor, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, p. 643-689.

[594] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 63-64, 73-74.

[595] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Dichlorvos," 1997, p. 65.

[596] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 3, 83, 102.

[597] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Propoxur," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/propoxur.htm (as of September 24, 2002), p. 2.

[598] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Propoxur," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/propoxur.htm (as of September 24, 2002)., p. 2.

[599] Golomb, B.A., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 2, "Pyridostigmine Bromide," RAND, 1999.

[600] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000.

[601] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans, RAND, 2000, p. 61.

[602] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 116-117.

[603] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 117.

[604] Golomb, B.A., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 2, "Pyridostigmine Bromide," RAND, 1999, p. 115, 118.

[605] Abdel-Rahman, A., A.K. Shetty, and M.B. Abou-Donia, "Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in Cingulate Cortex, Dentate Gyrus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus in a Rat Model of Gulf-War Syndrome," Neurobiology of Disease, vol. 10, 2002, p. 306.

[606] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: DEET," EPA #738-F-95-010, April 1998, p. 1.

[607] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Methomyl," EPA #738-F-98-019, December 1998, p. 2.

[608] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Propoxur," EPA #738-F-97-009, August 1997, p. 2.

[609] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Candidates for Reregistration Decisions," web site www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/candidates.htm (as of January 15, 2003).

[610] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Diazinon," Approved July 31, 2002, p. 2, 3; Federal Register, Volume 637, Number 236, "Diazinon; End-Use Products Cancellation Order," December 9, 2002, p. 72945-72946

[611] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Chlorpyrifos," Approved September 28, 2001, p. 3, 4, 8.

[612] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol. 60, no. 188, "Dichlorvos; Notice of Preliminary Determination to Cancel Certain Registrations and Draft Notice of Intent to Cancel," September 28, 1995, p. 50338.

[613] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Bendiocarb," EPA #738-F-99-010, September 1999, p. 1, 5.

[614] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Lindane," July 31, 2002, p. 6, 7.

[615] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: DEET," EPA #738-F-95-0100, April 1998, p. 1.

[616] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Methomyl," EPA #738-F-98-019, December 1998, p. 2.

[617] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Propoxur," EPA #738-F-97-009, August 1997, p. 2.

[618] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Candidates for Reregistration Decisions," web site www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/candidates.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[619] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Lindane Summary," web site www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/lindane/lindanesummary.pdf (as of September 24, 2002), p. 1.

[620] US Food and Drug Administration, "Electronic Orange Book; Approved Drug Products," updated December 21, 2001, web site www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm (as of September 24, 2002); US Food and Drug Administration, "FDA Requires Labeling Change on Lindane-Containing Lice Treatments," web site www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/ans00725.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[621] US Food and Drug Administration, "Electronic Orange Book; Approved Drug Products," updated December 21, 2001, web site www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[622] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol. 66, no. 85, "Diazinon Products; Cancellation Order," May 2, 2001, p. 21967-21971.

[623] US Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, vol. 60, no. 188, "Dichlorvos; Notice of Preliminary Determination to Cancel Certain Registrations and Draft Notice of Intent to Cancel," September 28, 1995, p. 50338.

[624] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "R.E.D. Facts: Bendiocarb," EPA #738-F-99-010, September 1999, p. 5.

[625] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 90.

[626] Karczmar, A., "Anticholinesterases: Dramatic Aspects of Their Use and Misuse," Neurochemistry International, vol. 32, 1998, p. 403-404.

[627] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "EPA's Pesticide Programs," May 1991, p.1; US Environmental Protection Agency, legislative and regulatory information internet links, web site http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htm (as of January 28, 2002).

[628] Department of Defense, DoD Directive 4150.7, "DoD Pest Management Program," October 24, 1983, p. 5.

[629] US Navy, OPNAVINST 6250.4A, "Pest Management Programs," November 28, 1990, p. 9.

[630] US Army, Regulation 40-5, "Preventive Medicine," October 15, 1990, section 5-9a.

[631] US Air Force, Regulation 91-21, "Pest Management Program," March 6, 1981, p. 4.

[632] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. ii.

[633] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988.

[634] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 1-2.

[635] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 3.

[636] Department of Defense, DoD Manual 4150.7-M, "Plan for Certification of Pesticide Applicators for Restricted Use Pesticides," December 8, 1985, p. B-9 - B-12.

[637] Department of Defense, DoD Manual 4150.7-M, "Plan for Certification of Pesticide Applicators for Restricted Use Pesticides," December 8, 1985, p. B-14.

[638] Lead Sheet #6028, Interview with Air Force civil engineer, September 16, 1997.

[639] Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Working Group of the Persian Gulf Veterans Coordinating Board, "Annual Report to Congress, Federally Sponsored Research on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses for 1998," June 1999.

[640] US Army, Regulation 611-101, "Commissioned Officer Classification System," July 26, 1995, p. 22, 23, 52, 53.

[641] This paper uses the title Environmental Science Officer for two Army occupational specialties, Environmental Science Officer and Sanitary Engineer. At the company grade level, second lieutenant to captain, the two specialties have very similar duty assignments.

[642] US Army, Regulation 611-201, "Enlisted Career Management Fields and Military Occupational Specialty," July 26, 1995, p. 483.

[643] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 2.

[644] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 5.

[645] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 6.

[646] Armstrong Laboratory is now part of the Air Force Research Laboratory.

[647] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Military Pest Management Handbook," June 1992, p. 4; For current information about Department of Defense pesticide programs, visit the Armed Forces Pest Management Board web site www.afpmb.org (as of September 24, 2002) and the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Entomology Science Program web site chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ento/ (as of September 24, 2002).

[648] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Preventive Medicine on Operation Desert Shield: The First 40 Days," Proceedings of the 135th Board Meeting, November 14, 1990, p. F-1.

[649] US Central Command, USCENTCOM Surgeon message, Subject: "Preventive Medicine Guidance for Operation Desert Shield," August 10, 1990, p. 2.

[650] US Central Command, "Medical CONOPS for Desert Shield," August 13, 1990, p. 5.

[651] US Army, Field Manual 8-10, "Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations," March 1991, p. 3

[652] US Army, Field Manual 8-10, "Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations," March 1991, p. 3.

[653] US Army Surgeon General, Preventive Medicine Consultant, "Preventive Medicine Assets in Theater," January 29, 1991.

[654] US Army Surgeon General, Preventive Medicine Consultant, "Preventive Medicine Assets in Theater," January 29, 1991.

[655] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum, Subject: "Interim After Action Report," April 20, 1991, p. 2.

[656] US Army Surgeon General, Preventive Medicine Consultant, "Preventive Medicine Assets in Theater," January 29, 1991.

[657] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum, Subject: "Interim After Action Report," April 20, 1991, p. 2.

[658] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum to Commander, US ARCENT Medical Command, Subject: "Situation Report," April 15, 1991, p. 2.

[659] Preventive Medicine Detachment - Southwest Asia, "Field Report #2 on Preventive Medicine in Southwest Asia," August 17, 1991.

[660] 983rd Medical Detachment, information sheet, "List of Recommended Substitutes Available in the Local Economy," undated, p. 1.

[661] Society for Vector Ecology, "Navy/Marine Desert Shield/Storm Vector Control Activity," Vector Ecology Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991, p. 3.

[662] Department of Defense, "Deployment to Operation Desert Shield: An Entomologist's Perspective," Proceedings of the DoD Preventive Medicine Workshop, February 10-14, 1992, p. G-2.

[663] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 20.

[664] US Marine Corps Central Command, "OPLAN Desert Storm (U)," Tab C to Appendix 3 to Annex D, "Preventive Medicine," January 1, 1991, p. D-3-C-4 through D-3-C-5.

[665] Society for Vector Ecology, "Navy/Marine Desert Shield/Storm Vector Control Activity," Vector Ecology Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991, p. 3.

[666] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Desert Shield/Storm Presentation," Proceedings of the 137th Board Meeting, July 18, 1991, p. H-1.

[667] The number of Air Force pest control personnel in the KTO was established by searching personnel registry data provided by the Defense Personnel Manpower Data Center (DMDC) for Air Force specialty code 566X0 for pest controllers.

[668] Fricker, R.D., Jr., et al., "Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans," RAND, 2000.

[669] Lead Sheet #15462, Interview with USCENTCOM preventive medicine physician, March 26, 1998.

[670] Lead Sheet #14966, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division environmental science officer, February 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #15110, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion environmental science officer, February 16, 1998.

[671] Lead Sheet #16267, Interview with a Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery team entomologist, April 29, 1998.

[672] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[673] Lead Sheet #15456, Interview with 1st Armored Division, preventive medicine physician, March 13, 1998; Lead Sheet #15018, Interview with 101st Airborne Division doctor, April 23, 1998; Lead Sheet #16823, Interview with 1st Cavalry Division doctor, May 22, 1998.

[674] Lead Sheet #15400, Interview with 1st Armored Division, preventive medicine specialist, July 2, 1998; Lead Sheet #14971, Interview with 1st Armored Division, 123rd Combat Support Battalion, Company F, preventive medicine specialist, February 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #16044, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, April 14, 1998.

[675] Lead Sheet #15365, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment entomologist, March 9, 1998.

[676] Lead Sheet #14966, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division environmental science officer, February 10, 1998.

[677] Lead Sheet #14973, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment entomologist, February 10, 1998.

[678] Lead Sheet #14968, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 19, 1998.

[679] Lead Sheet #15871, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 14, 1998.

[680] Lead Sheet #18318, Interview with 1st Marine Division environmental health officer, September 11, 1998.

[681] Lead Sheet #15053, Interview with 223rd Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 13, 1998.

[682] Lead Sheet #15010, Interview with 326th Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, February 23, 1998.

[683] Lead Sheet #14968, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 19, 1998.

[684] Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998; Lead Sheet #15033, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, September 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15269, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Force preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998; Lead Sheet #15458, Interview with undetermined unit US Army preventive medicine specialist, September 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15685, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, June 15, 1998.

[685] Lead Sheet #15058, Interview with 983rd Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 4, 1998; Lead Sheet #15062, Interview with 82nd Airborne, 307th Medical Battalion, preventive medicine specialist, March 18, 1998; Lead Sheet #15210, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 27, 1998.

[686] Lead Sheet #15361, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 6, 1998; Lead Sheet #15378, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15245, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 3, 1998; Lead Sheet #15177, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 26, 1998; Lead Sheet #15176, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 4, 1998.

[687] Lead Sheet #14384, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, February 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15006, Interview with 326th Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, February 19, 1998; Lead Sheet #15019, Interview with 926th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 23, 1998; Lead Sheet #15037, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #15122, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, February 17, 1998; Lead Sheet #15348, Interview with 61st Medical Detachment preventive medicine technician, March 6, 1998; Lead Sheet #15415, Interview with 3rd Armored Division, 122nd Combat Support Battalion, Company F preventive medicine specialist, March 10, 1998.

[688] Lead Sheet #18865, Interview with 23rd Civil Engineering Squadron, King Fahd International Airport, pest controller, August 26, 1998; Lead Sheet #18779, Interview with 4th Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Kharj Airport, pest controller, August 25, 1998; Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1998; Lead Sheet #18860, Interview with 52nd Civil Engineering Squadron pest controller, October 6, 1998; Lead Sheet #18775, Interview with 2849th Civil Engineering Squadron pest controller, August 21, 1998.

[689] Lead Sheet #15218, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 27, 1998; Lead Sheet #16572, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, June 22, 1998.

[690] Lead Sheet #15480, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 17, 1998; Lead Sheet #15452, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 12, 1998; Lead Sheet #15009, Interview with 326th Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, February 24, 1998.

[691] Lead Sheet #15747, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade preventive medicine technician, April 8, 1998; Lead Sheet #15749, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 7, 1998.

[692] Lead Sheet #15871, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 14, 1998; Lead Sheet #15718, Interview with 10th Marine preventive medicine technician, April 15, 1998; Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998.

[693] Lead Sheet #14384, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, February 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #14967, Interview with 71st Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #14971, Interview with 1st Armored Division, 123rd Combat Support Battalion, Company F, preventive medicine specialist, February 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #15375, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 9, 1998.

[694] Lead Sheet #15800, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade preventive medicine technician, April 17, 1998.

[695] Lead Sheet #15241, Interview with 714th Medical Detachment entomologist, March 3, 1998; Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998; Lead Sheet #18775, Interview with 2849th Civil Engineering Squadron pest controller, August 21, 1998; Lead Sheet #18779, Interview with 4th Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Kharj Airport, pest controller, August 25, 1998.

[696] Lead Sheet #15479, Interview with 3rd Armored Division, 122nd Combat Support Battalion, Company F environmental science officer, March 17, 1998.

[697] Lead Sheet #15952, Interview with Navy preventive medicine technician, April 13, 1998.

[698] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[699] Lead Sheet #24945, Interview with 3rd Marine Air Wing environmental health officer, October 4, 1999.

[700] Lead Sheet #15749, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 7, 1998; Lead Sheet #15968, Interview with 1st Marine Division preventive medicine technician, April 10, 1998.

[701] Lead Sheet #15295, Interview with 3rd Marine Air Wing preventive medicine technician, July 2, 1998.

[702] Lead Sheet #15110, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion environmental science officer, February 16, 1998.

[703] Lead Sheet #22700, Interview with 61st Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, April 22, 1998.

[704] Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998; Lead Sheet #15237, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 3, 1998.

[705] Lead Sheet #18827, Interview with 834th Civil Engineering Squadron, King Fahd International Airport, pest controller, September 3, 1998; Lead Sheet #18779, Interview with 4th Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Kharj Airport, pest controller, August 25, 1998.

[706] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[707] Lead Sheet #15848, Interview with 403rd Enemy Prisoner of War Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 7, 1998.

[708] Lead Sheet #15666, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 15, 1998.

[709] Lead Sheet #15193, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment entomologist, April 14, 1998; Lead Sheet #15365, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment entomologist, March 9, 1998.

[710] Lead Sheet #15019, Interview with 926th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 23, 1998; Lead Sheet #16769, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, June 12, 1998.

[711] Lead Sheet #15040, Interview with 71st Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 3, 1998.

[712] Lead Sheet #15527, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 19, 1998.

[713] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Technical Information Memorandum No. 24, "Contingency Pest Management Pocket Guide," 3rd ed., April 1988, p. 4.

[714] Lead Sheet #28069, Interview with airman, October 17, 2000; Lead Sheet #18680, Interview with Army member, January 12, 2000.

[715] Lead Sheet #15053, Interview with 223rd Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, February 13, 1998; Lead Sheet #15378, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15997, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 15, 1998; Lead Sheet #16048, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion Navy entomologist, August 20, 1998; Lead Sheet #18318, Interview with 1st Marine Division environmental health officer, September 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #20824, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 5, 1999.

[716] Lead Sheet #15431, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, June 11, 1998.

[717] Lead Sheet #23916, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp medical officer, July 2, 1999.

[718] Lead Sheet #15038, Interview with 48th Medical Detachment environmental science officer, February 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #15268, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, July 29, 1998; Lead Sheet #15458, Interview with undetermined unit US Army preventive medicine specialist, September 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15728, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine specialist, April 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #16012, Interview with 400th Military Police Battalion preventive medicine specialist, April 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #15419, Interview with Gulf War veteran, March 10, 1998.

[719] Lead Sheet #9415, Interview with 319th airborne Field Artillery Regiment targeting/intelligence specialist, May 20, 1997; Lead Sheet #12498, Interview with 185th Transportation Co. purchasing agent, August 4, 1997; Lead Sheet #22016, Interview with 316th Quartermaster Detachment truck driver, March 31, 1999; Lead Sheet #24814, Interview with 4th Tank Battalion assault specialist, September 9, 1999; Lead Sheet #18131, Interview with 3rd Battalion, 504th Infantry squad leader, December 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #11395, Interview with 307th Engineer Battalion platoon leader, September 30, 1998.

[720] Lead Sheet #12255, Interview with 299th Engineer Battalion engineer, November 4, 1997; Lead Sheet #21089, Interview with 2nd Marine Division preventive medicine specialist, January 14, 1999; Lead Sheet #21530, Interview with MAG26/VMO-1 quality assurance senior supervisor, February 4, 1999; Lead Sheet #24152, Interview with 1st Battalion, 5th SFG(A) Special Forces engineer, July 13, 1999.

[721] Lead Sheet #21119, Interview with 165th Airlift Wing turbo propulsion technician, February 2, 1999; Lead Sheet #21359, Interview with HMM-365, 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade helicopter pilot, February 9, 1999; Lead Sheet #12263, Interview with 724th Support Battalion executive officer, October 18, 1997; Lead Sheet #12465, Interview with 53rd Quartermaster Detachment airborne rigger, August 19, 1999; Lead Sheet #12559, Interview with 210th Military Police Company mechanic, December 18, 1997; Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999; Lead Sheet #15174, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment environmental science officer, March 10, 1998; Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998; Lead Sheet #21892, Interview with 44th Evacuation Hospital nurse, April 30 1999; Lead Sheet #17650, Interview with 3rd Armored Division refueler, January 20, 1999; Lead Sheet #19307, Interview with 338th Finance Services Unit Gulf War veteran, October 5, 1998.

[722] Lead Sheet #15874, Interview with 1st Marine Division preventive medicine technician, April 10, 1998.

[723] Lead Sheet #12644, Interview with 53rd Quartermaster Detachment mechanic supervisor, September 8, 1997; Lead Sheet #16477, Interview with 1640th TAWP airman, July 12, 1998; Lead Sheet #21230, Interview with 20th Engineer Battalion engineer, August 4, 1999; Lead Sheet #8098, Interview with 762nd Transportation Co. truck driver, October 6, 1997.

[724] Lead Sheet #15110, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion environmental science officer, February 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #16267, Interview with a Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery team entomologist, April 29, 1998.

[725] Lead Sheet #6292, Interview with XVIII Airborne Corps contracting officer, October 2, 1997, p. 1.

[726] Lead Sheet #9067, Interview with a US Air Force contracting officer stationed in Tabuk City, January 16, 1997.

[727] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 44.

[728] Lead Sheet #15449, Interview with 105th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, June 22, 1998.

[729] Lead Sheet #15402, Interview with 227th Medical Detachment preventive Medicine NCO, April 20, 1998.

[730] Lead Sheet #15708, Interview with 10th Special Forces Group preventive medicine specialist, March 31, 1998.

[731] Lead Sheet #18858, Interview with an Air Force pest controller, September 11, 1998.

[732] Lead Sheet #16008, Interview with Fleet Hospital 6 preventive medicine technician, September 15, 1998.

[733] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[734] Lead Sheet #15747, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade preventive medicine technician, April 8, 1998.

[735] Lead Sheet #15062, Interview with 82nd Airborne, 307th Medical Battalion, preventive medicine specialist, March 18, 1998; Lead Sheet #15458, Interview with undetermined unit US Army preventive medicine specialist, September 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #15758, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Force preventive medicine technician, April 6, 1998; Lead Sheet #15666, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, April 15, 1998.

[736] Lead Sheet #15739, Interview with 12th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, August 5, 1998; Lead Sheet #22238, Interview with Preventive Medicine Detachment Southwest Asia preventive medicine specialist, October 6, 1998.

[737] Lead Sheet #18795, Interview with 1st Civil Engineering Squadron, Dhahran International Airport, pest controller, September 1, 1998; Lead Sheet #18797, Interview with 314th Civil Engineering Squadron, Bateen, United Arab Emirates, pest controller, October 28, 1998; Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1999.

[738] Lead Sheet #18858, Interview with an Air Force pest controller, September 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #18848, Interview with 831st Civil Engineering Squadron, Shaikh Isa International Airport, pest controller, September 14, 1998.

[739] Lead Sheet #15966, Interview with US Army environmental science officer assigned as an advisor to the Saudi Arabian National Guard, June 16, 1998.

[740] Lead Sheet #15225, Interview with 44th Medical Brigade Physician, March 2, 1998.

[741] Lead Sheet #15002, Interview with 307th Medical Battalion preventive medicine non-commissioned officer, March 11, 1998.

[742] Lead Sheet #17074, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, June 5, 1998.

[743] Lead Sheet #17074, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, June 5, 1998; Lead Sheet #17155, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, January 6, 1998.

[744] Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1999; Lead Sheet #18845, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, September 2, 1998.

[745] Lead Sheet #15952, Interview with Navy preventive medicine technician, April 13, 1998.

[746] Lead Sheet #6616, Interview with Air Force environmental health technician, Oct. 27, 1997.

[747] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[748] Degesch America, Inc., Applicator's Manual for Degesch Phostoxin(r), undated, p. 1; Lead Sheet #15270, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998.

[749] Lead Sheet #18857, Interview with 363rd Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates pest controller, September 16, 1998.

[750] Lead Sheet #14992, Interview with 983rd Medical Detachment entomologist, February 11, 1998.

[751] Lead Sheet #25262, Interview with 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, November 4, 1999.

[752] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[753] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[754] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[755] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[756] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[757] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[758] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[759] Armed Forces Pest Management Board, "Summary: AFPMB Questionnaire on Lessons Learned from the Gulf War," August 25, 2000, p. 1-3.

[760] Zoecon Corporation, "Improved Golden Malrin(r) Fly Bait," product insert, Dallas, Texas, 1984.

[761] Lead Sheet #6001, Interview with 714th Preventive Medicine unit entomologist, September 11, 1997, p. 2.

[762] Lead Sheet #5973, Interview with Marine 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, September 3, 1997, p. 1.

[763] 24th Infantry Division Environmental Science Officer, "Control of Filth Flies in the 24th ID Mechanized," Information Paper, October 30, 1990.

[764] Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge, 223rd Medical Detachment (LB), Memorandum For Record, Subject: "Field Sanitation Evaluations Performed for Operation Desert Shield to Date," January 3, 1991.

[765] 983rd Medical Detachment, information sheet, "List of Recommended Substitutes Available in the Local Economy," undated, p. 1.

[766] Lead Sheet #5946, Interview with an 82nd Airborne Division purchasing officer, September 2, 1997; Lead Sheet #5947, Interview with battalion support platoon leader, September 2, 1997; Lead Sheet #6004, Interview with US Army unit commander, September 12, 1997; US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, "Chemical Analysis of Fly Bait," June 8, 1998.

[767] See Tab F, Pest Management and Operations.

[768] Photo acquired from an Army medical doctor and Gulf War veteran.

[769] Lead Sheet #17485, Interview with Army administrative supervisor, July 14, 1998, p. 5.

[770] Lead Sheet #18170, Interview with Gulf War veteran, July 23, 1998, p. 3.

[771] Lead Sheet #7253, Interview with 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment veteran, December 9, 1997; Lead Sheet #7160, Interview with 2nd Marine Division veteran, November 25, 1997.

[772] US Air Force, Instruction 32-1053, "Civil Engineering Pest Management Program," April 1, 1999.

[773] United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, "Organophosphate Pesticide Investigation Team Substantive Report," December 6, 1996, p. 3-7, 3-8.

[774] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Safety Data Sheet: Azamethiphos Tech.," June 19, 1995.

[775] Personal communication with an Arabic translator.

[776] Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix L, "Enemy Prisoner of War Operations," April 1992, p. 577-587.

[777] 800th Military Police Brigade (PW), "After Action Report, 800th Military Police Brigade (PW)," June 1, 1991, p. 2-3.

[778] Brinkerhoff, J.R., T. Silva, and J. Seitz, "United States Army Reserve in Operation Desert Storm: Enemy Prisoner of War Operations; The 800th Military Police Brigade," June 1992, p. 44-47.

[779] 14th Preventive Medicine Detachment, Memorandum to Commanding General, 332nd Medical Brigade, Subject: "Synopsis of Major Diseases in Theater of Operation," February 13, 1991.

[780] 14th Preventive Medicine Detachment, Memorandum to Commanding General, 332nd Medical Brigade, Subject: "Synopsis of Major Diseases in Theater of Operation," February 13, 1991.

[781] Office of the Surgeon General, "Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of Tactical Importance to USCENTCOM Forces," Second Edition, January 1991, p. 70.

[782] 22nd Support Command, Assistant Chief of Staff, Memorandum to 22nd Support Command, Commanding General, Subject: "Delousing," January 26, 1991.

[783] US Army Materiel Command, E-mail from headquarters technical support, Subject: "Current Operational Status of Delousing Outfit," January 1991.

[784] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum to Commander, 3rd Medical Command, Subject: "Command Report, Operation Desert Storm," April 13, 1991.

[785] Lead Sheet #15413, Interview with preventive medicine specialist, 105th Medical Detachment, March 10, 1998.

[786] Lead Sheet #19904, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, December 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #19908, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, November 4, 1998; Lead Sheet #19912, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, November 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #19932, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, December 7, 1998; Lead Sheet #20506, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, December 9, 1998; Lead Sheet #20911, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, January 6, 1999.

[787] Lead Sheet #15805, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 20, 1998; Lead Sheet #20824, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 5, 1999.

[788] Lead Sheet #20091, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, December 8, 1998; Lead Sheet #20095, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, November 24, 1998; Lead Sheet #20822, Interview with 403rd Military Police Camp veteran, December 18, 1998.

[789] Octagon Process Inc., Product Label for Insecticide Lindane, Powder, Dusting (contains 1% lindane), Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986, p. 1.

[790] Lead Sheet #19908, Interview with 301st Military Police Camp veteran, November 4, 1998.

[791] US Army, Technical Manual 5-632/Naval Facilities Maintenance and Operations MO-310/Air Force Manual 91-16, "Military Entomology Operational Handbook," December 1971, p. 7-25 through 7-27; US Army, Field Manual 8-250, "Preventive Medicine Specialist," July 31, 1974, p. 15-10 through 15-12; Military Specification MIL-I-11490D, "Insecticide, Lindane, Powder, Dusting 25 Pounds,"Edgewater, New Jersey, March 31, 1986.

[792] Defense Logistics Agency, "ODS Pesticide Data Call," Defense General Supply Center, November 1993.

[793] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum to Commander, 3rd Medical Command, Subject: "Command Report, Operation Desert Storm," April 13, 1991, p. 1.

[794] United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, "Organophosphate Pesticide Investigation Team Substantive Report," December 6, 1996, p. 3-21.

[795] United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, "Organophosphate Pesticide Investigation Team Substantive Report," December 6, 1996, p.3-22.

[796] Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Appendix L, "Enemy Prisoner of War Operations," April 1992, p. 577-587.

[797] United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, "Organophosphate Pesticide Investigation Team Substantive Report," December 6, 1996, p. 3-21.

[798] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 43-44.

[799] US Army, Field Manual 21-10-1, "Unit Field Sanitation Team," Appendix D, October 11, 1989.

[800] US Army Forces Command, Regulation 700-2, "FORSCOM Standing Logistics Instructions," August 15, 1990, p. 6-9.

[801] Defense Logistics Agency, "ODS Pesticide Data Call," Defense General Supply Center, November 1993.

[802] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 43-44.

[803] Navy Environmental Health Center, Technical Report NEHC-TR91-2, "Initial Preventive Medicine Assessments from Operation Desert Shield 1990," March 1991, p. 43-44.

[804] Lead Sheet #5973, Interview with Marine 1st Medical Battalion entomologist, September 3, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5971, Interview with Navy/Marine Central Command preventive medicine officer, September 8, 1997, p. 1.

[805] Lead Sheet #5946, Interview with an 82nd Airborne Division purchasing officer, September 2, 1997.

[806] Lead Sheet #6004, Interview with US Army unit commander, September 12, 1997, p. 1; See Tab G, Fly Baits, for further information.

[807] 12th Medical Detachment, Memorandum to Commander, US ARCENT Medical Command, Subject: "Situation Report," April 15, 1991, p. 2.

[808] 983rd Medical Detachment, information sheet, "List of Recommended Substitutes Available in the Local Economy," undated, p. 1.

[809] Lead Sheet #16048, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion Navy entomologist, August 20, 1998.

[810] Lead Sheet #17074, Interview with 2nd Medical Battalion entomologist, June 5, 1998.

[811] Lead Sheet #15269, Interview with 1st Marine Expeditionary Force preventive medicine technician, March 30, 1998.

[812] Lead Sheet #18865, Interview with 23rd Civil Engineering Squadron, King Fahd International Airport, pest controller, August 26, 1998; Lead Sheet #18858, Interview with an Air Force pest controller, September 11, 1998; Lead Sheet #18857, Interview with 363rd Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates, pest controller, September 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #18853, Interview with 823rd Civil Engineering Squadron Riyadh International Airport pest controller, August 25, 1998.

[813] Lead Sheet #18779, Interview with 4th Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Kharj Airport, pest controller, August 25, 1998.

[814] SUPCOM Medical Group (Provisional), Preventive Medical Detachment, Southwest Asia, Memorandum for Commander, 22nd Support Command, Subject: "Pesticide Use by Untrained Personnel," August 8, 1991, p. 1.

[815] Lead Sheet #6770, Interview with an Army Central Command staff entomologist, November 3, 1997.

[816] Lead Sheet #16267, Interview with a Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery team entomologist, April 29, 1998; Lead Sheet #15038, Interview with 48th Medical Detachment environmental science officer, February 11, 1998.

[817] Lead Sheet #18781, Interview with 35th Tactical Fighter Wing pest controller, August 31, 1998; Lead Sheet #15431, Interview with 14th Medical Detachment preventive medicine specialist, March 11, 1998.

[818] Lead Sheet #18857, Interview with 363rd Civil Engineering Squadron, Al Dhafra, United Arab Emirates, pest controller, September 16, 1998; Lead Sheet #22238, Interview with Preventive Medicine Detachment Southwest Asia preventive medicine specialist, March 1, 1998.

[819] Lead Sheet #20824, Interview with 401st Military Police Camp preventive medicine specialist, April 5, 1999; Lead Sheet #16044, Interview with 24th Mechanized Infantry Division preventive medicine specialist, April 14, 1998; Lead Sheet #15293, Interview with 1st Marine Division preventive medicine technician, March 16, 1998.

[820] Lead Sheet #15012, Interview with 101 Airborne, 326th Medical Battalion, doctor, February 11, 1998.

[821] Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition & Technology), Memorandum, Subject: "Approval for Local Purchase of Pesticides During Deployment Operations," February 1, 1999.

[822] Tenenbein, Milton, "Severe Toxic Reactions and Death Following the Ingestion of Diethyltoluamide-Containing Insect Repellents," Journal of the American Medical Association, September 18, 1987, p. 1509.

[823] Osimitz , Thomas G., and Jerome V. Murphy, "Neurological Effects Associated with Use of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 439.

[824] Olson, C.T., J.A. Blank, and R.G. Menton, "Neuromuscular Effects of Low Level Exposures to Sarin, Pyridostigmine, DEET, and Chlorpyrifos," Drug and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 21, suppl. 1, p. 153.

[825] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 23.

[826] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 18.

[827] Moody, Richard P., Brita Nadeau, and Ih Chu, "In Vitro Dermal Absorption of N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET) in Rat, Guinea Pig, and Human Skin," In Vitro Toxicology, vol. 8, November 3, 1995, p. 273.

[828] Stinecipher, Julie, and Jaymin Shah, "Percutaneous Permeation of N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET) from Commercial Mosquito Repellents and the Effect of Solvent," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 52, no. 2, 1997, p.125-126, 130.

[829] Osimitz , Thomas G., and Jerome V. Murphy, "Neurological Effects Associated with Use of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 435-436, 439-440.

[830] Amichai, Boaz, Aneta Lazarov and Sima Halevy, "Contact Dermatitis from Diethyltoluamide," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 188.

[831] Olson, C.T., J.A. Blank, and R.G. Menton, "Neuromuscular Effects of Low Level Exposures to Sarin, Pyridostigmine, DEET, and Chlorpyrifos," Drug and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 21, suppl. 1, p. 153.

[832] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 23.

[833] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 23-24.

[834] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 24.

[835] Cherniack, M.G., and P.J. Robbins, "Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 18, no. 4, 1986, p. 506, 520.

[836] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 30-31.

[837] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), DEET," EPA #738-R-98-010, September 1998, p. 24.

[838] ~ Cherniack, M.G., and P.J. Robbins, "Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity of the Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET)," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 18, no. 4, 1986, p. 515.

[839] Gotoh, Y., M. Kawakami, N. Matsumoto, and Y. Okada, "Permethrin Emulsion Ingestion: Clinical Manifestations and Clearance of Isomers," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 36, nos. 1, 2, 1998, p. 57-58.

[840] Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, Final Report, chap. 4, "Gulf War Risk Factors," p. 5, web site www.gwvi.ncr.gov/ch4.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[841] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Permethrin," vol. 53, 1991, p. 339.

[842] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Permethrin," vol. 53, 1991, p. 341.

[843] Snodgrass, Hubert L., "Permethrin Transfer from Treated Cloth to the Skin Surface: Potential for Exposure in Humans," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 35, p. 104.

[844] ~ Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Permethrin," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/permethr.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[845] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 58-59.

[846] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 59.

[847] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 59, 69.

[848] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Permethrin," vol. 53, 1991, p. 334.

[849] Gotoh, Y., M. Kawakami, N. Matsumoto, and Y. Okada, "Permethrin Emulsion Ingestion: Clinical Manifestations and Clearance of Isomers," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 36, nos. 1, 2, 1998, p. 59.

[850] Cecchine, G., et al., A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 8, "Pesticides," RAND, 2000, p. 61.

[851] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland 1990, p. 11, 13.

[852] Airosol Company, Government Insecticide, 20206-Insecticide, D-Phenothrin, Material Safety Data Sheet, Manufacturers Cage # 14676, MSDS Serial # BTKTG, Airosol Company, Neodesha, KS, June 16, 1994; Chemscope Corp, Chemscope-Insecticide Aerosol D-Phenothrin-2%, Material Safety Data Sheet, Manufacturers Cage # 53984, Arlington Texas, July 20, 1992.

[853] Scott, Gordon, "National Guideline for the Management of Phthirus Pubis Infestation," Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 75, no. 1, August 1999, p. S78.

[854] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 11, 44.

[855] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 11, 12.

[856] Airosol Company, Government Insecticide, 20206-Insecticide, D-Phenothrin, Material Safety Data Sheet, Manufacturers Cage # 14676, MSDS Serial # BTKTG, Airosol Company, Neodesha, KS, June 16, 1994; Chemscope Corp, Chemscope-Insecticide Aerosol D-Phenothrin-2%, Material Safety Data Sheet, Manufacturers Cage # 53984, Arlington Texas, July 20, 1992.

[857] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 96: d-Phenothrin," Geneva, Switzerland, 1990, p. 14.

[858] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Safety Data Sheet: Azamethiphos Tech.," June 19, 1995, p. 6.

[859] Ciba-Geigy, Ltd., "Safety Data Sheet: Azamethiphos Tech.," June 19, 1995, p. 1.

[860] Liddle, J.A., et.al., "A Fatal Episode of Accidental Methomyl Poisoning," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 15, no. 2, 1979, p. 160, 166.

[861] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl," Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, p. 27.

[862] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl," Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, p. 81.

[863] Miyazaki, T., et al., "Fatal and Non-Fatal Methomyl in an Attempted Double Suicide," Forensic Science International, vol. 42, 1989, p. 263, 264, 267, 269.

[864] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl," Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, p. 102.

[865] Saiyed, H.N., et al., "Cardiac Toxicity Following Short-term Exposure to Methomyl in Spraymen and Rabbits," Human & Experimental Toxicology, vol. 11, 1992, p. 93-97.

[866] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1165; Hayes, W.J., Jr., Pesticides Studied in Man, Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, San Diego, 1982, p. 456.

[867] Driskell, W.J., D.F. Groce, and R.H. Hill, Jr., "Methomyl in the Blood of a Pilot who Crashed During Aerial Spraying," Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 15, no. 6, 1991, p. 339-340.

[868] Morse, D.L. et al., "Propanil-Chloracne and Methomyl Toxicity in Workers of a Pesticide Manufacturing Plant," Clinical Toxicology, vol. 15, no. 1, 1979, p. 19-20.

[869] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Dichlorvos," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/dichlorv.htm (as of September 24, 2002); Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Dichlorvos," web site www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorvos/recognition.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[870] Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Dichlorvos," web site www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorvos/recognition.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[871] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Dichlorvos," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/dichlorv.htm (as of September 24, 2002); Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Dichlorvos," web site www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorvos/recognition.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[872] Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Dichlorvos," web site www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorvos/recognition.html (as of September 24, 2002).

[873] Gillett, J.W., J.R. Harr, F.T. Lindstrom, D.A. Mount, A.D. St. Clair, and L.J. Weber, "Evaluation of Human Health Hazards on Use of Dichlorvos, Especially in Resin Strips," Residue Reviews - Residues of Pesticides and Other Contaminants in the Total Environment, vol. 44, p. 142.

[874] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[875] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[876] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[877] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[878] Deer, Howard M., Edward D. Beck, and Alan H. Roe, "Respiratory Exposure of Museum Personnel to Dichlorvos Insecticide," Veterinary and Human Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 3, June 1993, p. 226.

[879] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Dichlorvos," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/dichlorv.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[880] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Dichlorvos," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[881] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos," 1997, p. 4.

[882] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[883] Albers, J.W., et al., "Analysis of Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Human Health: Expert Panel Report," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 305.

[884] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[885] Nolan, R.J., D.L. Rick, N.L. Freshour, and J.H. Saunders, "Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in Human Volunteers," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1, 1984, p. 9-10.

[886] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[887] Albers, J.W., et al., "Analysis of Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Human Health: Expert Panel Report," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 305.

[888] Hayes, A.L., R.A. Wise, and F.W. Weir, "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates in Pest Control Operators," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 41, no. 8, August 1980, p. 570.

[889] Richardson, Rudy J., "Assessment of the Neurotoxic Potential of Chlorpyrifos Relative to other Organophosphorous Compounds: A Critical Review of the Literature, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 44, p.140.

[890] Lotti, M., et al., "Inhibition of Lymphocytic Neuropathy Target Esterase Predicts the Development of Organophosphate-induced Delayed Polyneuropathy," Archives of Toxicology, vol. 59, no. 3, 1986, p. 176

[891] Lotti, M., et al., "Inhibition of Lymphocytic Neuropathy Target Esterase Predicts the Development of Organophosphate-induced Delayed Polyneuropathy," Archives of Toxicology, vol. 59, no. 3, 1986, p. 176-177.

[892] Albers, J.W., et al., "Analysis of Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Human Health: Expert Panel Report," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 314; Moretto, Angelo, and Marcello Lotti, "Poisoning by Organophosphorus Insecticides and Sensory Neuropathy," Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 463-468.

[893] Nolan, R.J., D.L. Rick, N.L. Freshour, and J.H. Saunders, "Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in Human Volunteers," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 73, no. 1, 1984, p. 9-10.

[894] Fenske, R.A., et al., "Potential Exposure and Health Risks of Infants Following Indoor Residential Pesticide Applications," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 80, no. 6, June 1990, p. 690.

[895] Kingston, Richard L., William L. Chen, Stephen W. Borron, Leo J. Sioris, Carson R. Harris, and Kristin M. Engebretsen, "Chlorpyrifos: A Ten-Year US Poison Center Exposure Experience," Veterinary and Human Toxicology, April 1999, p. 90-91.

[896] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[897] Albers, J.W., et al., "Analysis of Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Human Health: Expert Panel Report," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 305.

[898] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 17.

[899] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Chlorpyrifos: Replacement of Human Study Used in Risk Assessments - Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee," June 2, 1999, p. 2.

[900] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Human Health Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos," June 8, 2000, p. 22-23.

[901] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 19-20.

[902] Hayes, A.L., R.A. Wise, and F.W. Weir, "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates in Pest Control Operators," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 41, no. 8, August 1980, p. 569.

[903] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 19-20.

[904] Hayes, A.L., R.A. Wise, and F.W. Weir, "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates in Pest Control Operators," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 41, no. 8, August 1980, p. 570.

[905] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Diazinon (CASRN: 333-41-5)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Diazinon," (as of September 24, 2002).

[906] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, Supplement IV-OHG, "Occupational Safety and Health Guide for Diazinon," 1995, p. 3.

[907] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4-6.

[908] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, Supplement IV-OHG, "Occupational Safety and Health Guide for Diazinon," 1995, p. 3; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," 1996, p. 77.

[909] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 77.

[910] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 90-91.

[911] Maizlish, N., et al., "A Behavioral Evaluation of Pest Control Workers with Short-term, Low-level Exposure to the Organophosphate Diazinon," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 12, 1997, p. 158-159; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," 1996, p. 78.

[912] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 198: Diazinon," Geneva, Switzerland, 1998, p. 20-21.

[913] Hayes, A.L., R.A. Wise, and F.W. Weir, "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphates in Pest Control Operators," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 41, no. 8, August 1980, p. 570.

[914] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Diazinon (CASRN: 333-41-5)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Diazinon," (as of September 24, 2002).

[915] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, Supplement IV-OHG, "Occupational Safety and Health Guide for Diazinon," 1995, p. 3.

[916] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4-6.

[917] Maizlish, N., et al., "A Behavioral Evaluation of Pest Control Workers with Short-term, Low-level Exposure to the Organophosphate Diazinon," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 12, 1997, p. 158-159; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 78.

[918] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 106.

[919] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4-6.

[920] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 198: Diazinon," Geneva, Switzerland, 1998, p. 4.

[921] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 106.

[922] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide programs, "Toxicology Endpoint Selection Document, Diazinon," June 4, 1997, p. 4-6.

[923] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "Toxicological Profile for Diazinon - Update," August 1996, p. 106.

[924] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Malathion," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/malathio.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[925] National Toxicology Program, NTP Chemical Repository, "Malathion," web site http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/CHEM_H&S/NTP_Chem1/Radian121-75-5.html, (as of September 24, 2002).

[926] Chaturvedi, A.K., G. Singh, N.G. Rao, and T.M. Parker, "Toxicological Evaluation of a Poisoning Attributed to Ingestion of Malathion Insect Spray and Correlation with In Vitro Inhibition of Cholinesterases," Human Toxicology, vol. 8, no.1, 1989, p. 11, 12.

[927] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Malathion," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0248.htm, (as of September 24, 2002).

[928] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profiles: Malathion," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/malathio.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[929] US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, "Malathion," web site www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0248.htm, (as of September 24, 2002).

[930] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, p. 132.

[931] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 20-21.

[932] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 41.

[933] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, p. 132.

[934] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 21.

[935] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 21-22.

[936] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 22-23.

[937] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 7.

[938] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 19-20

[939] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 20.

[940] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 22.

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[942] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 22.

[943] Lewalter, J., and G. Leng, "Consideration of Individual Susceptibility in Adverse Pesticide Effects," Toxicology Letters, vol. 107, p. 134-135.

[944] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 22.

[945] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 38.

[946] US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Propoxur," EPA #738-R-97-009, August 1997, p. 22-23.

[947] Cronin, C.H., "Toxicity Studies of Ficam W and Safety Recommendations for Usage," International Pest Control, November/December 1977, p. 7.

[948] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

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[951] Bonsall, J.L. and J. Goose, "The Safety Evaluation of Bendiocarb, A Residual Insecticide for Vector Control," Toxicology Letters, vol. 33, 1986, p. 45-46.

[952] Bonsall, J.L. and J. Goose, "The Safety Evaluation of Bendiocarb, A Residual Insecticide for Vector Control," Toxicology Letters, vol. 33, 1986, p. 58; Currie, K.L., E.C. McDonald, L.T.K. Chung, and A.R. Higgs, "Concentrations of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Bendiocarb after Application in Offices," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 51, no. 1, 1990, p. 23-24.

[953] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[954] Cronin, C.H., "Toxicity Studies of Ficam W and Safety Recommendations for Usage," International Pest Control, November/December 1977, p. 7.

[955] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p. 1143-1144.

[956] Hayes, W.J. Jr., and E.R. Laws (eds.), Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991, p.1143-1144.

[957] Bowie, C., A. Hill, and V. Murray, "The Effect of a Lindane and Mercury Polluting Incident on the Health of a Community: The Somerton Health Survey," Public Health, vol.112, no. 4, 1998, p. 249, 250.

[958] Extension Toxicology Network, "Pesticide Information Profile: Lindane," web site http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/lindane.htm (as of September 24, 2002).

[959] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 124: Lindane," Geneva, Switzerland, 1991, p. 123.

[960] Tierney, Lawrence M., Stephen J. McPhee, and Maxine A. Papadakis, eds., Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 39th ed., New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, p. 1557.

[961] World Health Organization, "Environmental Health Criteria 124: Lindane," Geneva, Switzerland, 1991, p. 122-123.

[962] National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Databank, "Lindane (CASRN: 58-89-9)," web site http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB, Search for "Lindane," (as of September 24, 2002).

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[965] National Toxicology Program, "NTP Chemical Repository; Lindane," web site http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/CHEM_H&S/NTP_Chem5/Radian58-89-9.html, (as of September 24, 2002).

[966] Diaz, Jose Eric, "Lindane Toxicity is Preventable," Academic Emergency Medicine, November 1998, p. 1126.

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[969] Verderber, Lisa, Patrick Lavin, and Ralph Wesley, "Letter to the Editor on Pseudotumour Cerebri and Chronic Benzene Hexachloride Exposure," Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 54, no. 12, 1991, p. 1123.

[970] Peper, Martin, Michael Ertl, and Ingrid Gerhard, "Long-Term Exposure to Wood-Preserving Chemicals Containing Pentachlorophenol and Lindane is Related to Neurobehavioral Performance in Women," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 35, p. 632, 636.

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