End Notes

[1] An acronym listing and glossary are at Tab A.

[2] Published separately and available on GulfLINK are information papers on the M8A1 Chemical Alarm System and the Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle. Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, web site www.gulflink.health.mil.

[3] Described in the History of the Peloponnesian War written during the war by Thucydides. US Army Office of the Surgeon General, "Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," 1997, p. 88.

[4] Browning, David R., "Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory (CSL) Technical Report #ARCSL-CR-78020, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 9, 10.

[5] Although the M8A1 automatically samples the air and sounds an alarm when it detects the presence of a possible nerve agent, the name "M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm" may be misleading. That is because the M8A1 can only detect nerve agents and no other chemical warfare agents. Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m8a1alarms/.

[6] US Army Field Manual 3-4, Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection" May 29, 1992, chapter 1, p.12.

[7] For the purposes of this paper, the term "hazardous concentrations" refers to that concentration of a chemical warfare agent that would normally be expected to produce injuries. See Table 2 to learn the concentration levels of individual chemical warfare agents that would injure personnel.

[8] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, Abstract, p. 1.

[9] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p. 7.

[10] For ease of use, chemical warfare agents are generally referred to using their one or two letter designator. For example, VX is the designator for a V series nerve agent that is otherwise known as "O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methyl phosphonothiolate." Agent designators are used throughout this paper. To learn the chemical name of a particular chemical agent, refer to the Glossary at Tab A.

[11] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p. 1 and 7.

[12] Lead Sheet 16024, electronic mail from Chemical Biological Defense Command Detection/Decontamination Core Team, January 28, 1998, p. 1.

[13] CDR AMCCOM [Commander, US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command] message, Subject: "Extension of M256/M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," 271717Z Feb 91.

[14] COMUSARCENT [Commander, US Army Central Command] MAIN message, Subject: "Extension of M256/M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," 231220Z Mar 91. Note: The term "MAIN" refers to the command's primary command element as opposed to those elements that may have been deployed forward or to the rear.

[15] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 1, p. 10.

[16] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 1, p. 5 through 9.

[17] Full MOPP refers to the wearing of the complete chemical ensemble that consists of the protective mask with hood, chemical suit or overgarment, and butyl rubber boots and gloves. Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Protective Posture (MOPP) And Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), November 13, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.

[18] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 11.

[19] 2.6 milligrams is less in weight (approximately 30 times) than one over-the-counter baby aspirin.

[20] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 2, p. 18.

[21] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 15.

[22] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 10.

[23] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C, September 1985, chapter 1, p. 7.

[24] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 1, p. 6.

[25] US Army Technical Manual, 43-0001-26-1, "Army Equipment Data Sheets Chemical Defense Equipment," May 12, 1982, p. 1-15.

[26] US Army Technical Manual, 43-0001-26-1, "Army Equipment Data Sheets Chemical Defense Equipment," May 12, 1982, p. 1-15.

[27] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 15.

[28] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 408. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil (as of June 25, 1999).

[29] Sidell, Frederick R. M.D., "Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties, A Handbook For Emergency Medical Services," 1995, p. 4, 5.

[30] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 1, p. 8.

[31] Sidell, Frederick R. M.D., "Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties, A Handbook For Emergency Medical Services," 1995, p. 4 and 5.

[32] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 431.

[33] Sidell, Frederick R. M.D., "Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties, A Handbook For Emergency Medical Services," 1995, p.7.

[34] US Army Office of the Surgeon General, "Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," 1997, p. 141, 199, 201, 202, 272.

[35] US Army Medical Research Institute Of Chemical Defense Chemical Casualty Care Office, "Medical Management of Chemical Casualties 2nd Edition," September 1995, p. 198, web site chemdef.apgea.army.mil/ChemCasu/Appendix.htm#Toxicity Data (as of June 25, 1999).

[36] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 413; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m8a1alarms/.

[37] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 391.

[38] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 423.

[39] Defense Science Board, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Table 18, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/fox_ref/n05en013/table18 (as of June 25, 1999); Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[40] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 408, 431.

[41] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 1, p. 3.

[42] Even though the test for blood, blister, and nerve agents are discussed separately, in reality all three tests are conducted simultaneously. The operating procedure step that directs the crushing of the blister agent glass ampoule marked with the number "3" also directs the crushing of the glass ampoule above the blood agent and nerve agent test spots. These ampoules are also marked with the number "3." The net effect is that all three test spots are moistened at the same time.

[43] Spaeth, Peter, "Catalog of Chemicals Contained in Chemical Detector, Decontaminating, and Training Kits," Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, US Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Technical Report number CRDEC-SP-049, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1992, p. 10.

[44] Even though the M256 kit can detect CX, CX is not a true blister agent because it does not produce blisters (vesicles). CX is classified as an urticant because it produces lesions that are similar to those caused by nettle stings. US Army Office of the Surgeon General, "Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," 1997, p. 220.

[45] Spaeth, Peter, "Catalog of Chemicals Contained in Chemical Detector, Decontaminating, and Training Kits," Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, US Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Technical Report number CRDEC-SP-049, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1992, p. 10.

[46] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 8, 9.

[47] Spaeth, Peter, "Catalog of Chemicals Contained in Chemical Detector, Decontaminating, and Training Kits," Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, US Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Technical Report number CRDEC-SP-049, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1992, p. 10.

[48] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 8.

[49] Milcher's thioketone has been classified as a carcinogen. To prevent exposure, Milcher's thioketone should be handled only when wearing gloves. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet for Michler's Ketone," September 1994, web site www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/1305.pdf (as of July 1, 1999).

[50] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 9.

[51] Turner, R.B., Packard, M.T., Gamson, R.M., Skinner, V.L, and Strauch, L.D., "Engineering Development of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-29012, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, April 1979, p. 9.

[52] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p.8.

[53] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p.1 and 19.

[54] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p.8.

[55] The three indicator dyes used in the M8 paper are carcinogenic. To prevent exposure, M8 paper should be handled only when wearing gloves. Annunziato, Peter, F., Technical Report, "Increasing Retention of the VGH, ABC-M8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper Indicator Pigments," US Army Chemical Systems Laboratory Technical Report ARCSL-TR-80072, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1980, p. 7.

[56] US Army Field Manual 3-3, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17, "Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance," September 30, 1986, chapter 3, p. 5.

[57] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 408.

[58] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 3, p. 2.

[59] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 3, p. 1.

[60] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," September 1985, chapter 2, p. 3, 4.

[61] Zylstra, D.R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems Report number DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1977, p. 116.

[62] Zylstra, D.R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems Report number DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1977, p. 109-112.

[63] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p.12.

[64] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 408.

[65] Zylstra, D.R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems report number DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, March 1977, p. 116.

[66] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[67] Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command Technical Report number CRDEC-TR-87054, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1987, p. 7.

[68] Department of the Army Inspector General, Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report, Vol. III, Subject: "Chemical Defense Equipment," Joint Uniform Lessons Learned System number 51435-24788, September 1991.

[69] "Enclosure A (Main) to Appendix 2 (Daily Log Summary) To Tab H (NBC Operations) To VII Corps Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report," not dated, entry for February 21, 1991.

[70] "Enclosure A (Main) to Appendix 2 (Daily Log Summary) To Tab H (NBC Operations) To VII Corps Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report," not dated, entry for February 22, 1991.

[71] White Paper, 3d Armored Division, Subject: "NBC Organization, Logistics, and Training," June 26, 1991.

[72] Department of the Army Inspector General, Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report, Vol. III, Subject: "Chemical Defense Equipment," Joint Uniform Lessons Learned System number 51435-24788, September 1991.

[73] Joint Uniform Lessons Learned System Long Report number 21045-15825, USCENTCOM, Title: "Inadequate Supply of M256 & M258 (58) NBC Training Kits," April 1, 1991.

[74] Joint Uniform Lessons Learned System Long Report number 60348-10363, Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), Title: "NBC - Reserve Readiness: Lessons Learned," June 3, 1992.

[75] COMUSARCENT message, Subject: "Effects of High Temperatures on Chemical Defense Equipment (CDE) and Selected Medical Items," 080100 Sep 90, p. 2.

[76] COMUSARCENT message, Subject: "Effects of High Temperatures on Chemical Defense Equipment (CDE) and Selected Medical Items," 080100 Sep 90, p. 2.

[77] Chronology for February 25, 1991, VII Corps Command Chemical Report, p. 41.

[78] CDR AMCCOM [Commander, US Army Armament, Munitions, Chemical Command] message, Subject: "Extension of M256/M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," 271717Z Feb 91.

[79] COMUSARCENT [Commander, US Army Central Command] MAIN message, Subject: "Extension of M256/M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," 231220Z Mar 91. Note: The term "MAIN" refers to the command's primary command element as opposed to those elements that may be deployed forward or to the rear.

[80] DIRACALA [Director, Army Chemical and Ammunition Logistics Activity] message, Subject: "Supply Advisory Message: Shelf Life Extension to the M256A1 Detector Kit, Chemical Agent, NSN: 6665-01-133-4964," 14144Z Jan 98.

[81] Consisting of six individual reports, the Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) Warning and Reporting System is the primary method of notifying all levels of command of possible NBC attacks. US Army, FM 3-3, Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17, "Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance," Change 1, September 29, 1994, chapter 2, p. 1.

[82] Lead Sheet 7814, interview of 82nd Airborne Division warrant officer, April 8, 1997.

[83] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "11th Marines" (Case Narrative), November 5, 1998, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/11th_marines/ .

[84] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, letters dated August 26, 1997 and May 8, 1998.

[85] US Department of Defense, "Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Defense Annual Report to Congress," March 1999, executive summary, p. i.

[86] US Department of Defense, "Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) Defense Annual Report to Congress," March 1999, chapter 4, p. 7 and 9.

[87] US Army Technical Manual, 3-6665-307-10, "Operator's Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256/M256A1," Headquarters, Department of the Army, September 1985, p. b.

[88] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 26.

[89] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[90] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[91] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[92] US Army Office of the Surgeon general, "Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," 1997, P. 220.

[93] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[94] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC), October 1995, p. 390.

[95] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25,1999).

[96] Department of Defense Dictionary of Military Terms, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/(as of June 25, 1999).

[98] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 27.

[99] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 3, p. 58.

[100] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 46.

[102] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 18.

[103] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 19.

[104] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 21.

[105] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

[106] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30.

[107] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[108] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 31.

[109] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[110] US Army Test and Evaluation Command, Test Operations Procedure number 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.

[111] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 39.

[112] "Environmental Protection Agency's Mercuric Cyanide Fact Sheet," Open Data Solutions, Inc., web site mail.odsnet.com/TRIFacts/164.html (as of June 25, 1999).

[113] New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet for Michler's Ketone," September 1994, web site www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/1305.pdf (as of July 1, 1999).

[114] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Protective Posture (MOPP) And Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), November 13, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.

[115] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, "Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook," Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 421-424.

[116] US Army Technical Manual, 43-0001-26-1, "Army Equipment Data Sheets Chemical Defense Equipment," May 12, 1982, p. 1-25.

[117] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, Glossary, Section II. Definitions And Terms," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of June 25, 1999).

[118] Random House College Dictionary, New York, New York, 1980.

[120] US Army Office of the Surgeon General, "Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," 1997, p. 220.

[121] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p 23-25.

[122] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

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