END NOTES

[1] Memorandum from VP Task Force, Defense Intelligence Agency, Subject: "Iraqi Biological Warfare Capabilities," [undated], p. 1-2.

[2] For information on United Kingdom operations during the Gulf War, see the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence we site at www.gulfwar.mod.uk/index.htm.  United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, press release 158/97, 2nd supporting attachment, "Background to the Use of Medical Countermeasures to Protect British Forces During the Gulf War (Operation Granby)," October 28, 1997, p. 3.

[3] Memorandum from VP Task Force, Defense Intelligence Agency, Subject: "Iraqi Biological Warfare Capabilities," [undated], p. 1.

[4] Friedlander, Arthur M., "Anthrax," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 469.

[5] The micrometer (formerly the micron) is one-millionth of a meter.

[6] Franz, COL David R., Peter B. Jahrling, COL Arthur M. Friedlander, David J. McClain, COL David L. Hoover, COL Russell Bryne, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, Lt Col George W. Christopher, COL Edward M. Eitzen, Jr., "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 400-401.

[7] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Reference Document DST-1610R-169-93 (SECRET), Subject: "Insects as Biological Weapons" (U), September 1993, p. 2.

[8] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases handbook, "Medical Management of Biological Casualties," 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 17.

[9] Inglesby, Thomas V., Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward M. Eitzen, Arthur M. Friedlander, Jerome Hauer, Joseph McDade, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O'Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, and Kevin Tonat, "Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 281, No 18, May 12, 1999, p. 1743.

[10] Franz, COL David R., Peter B. Jahrling, COL Arthur M. Friedlander, David J. McClain, COL David L. Hoover, COL Russell Bryne, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, Lt Col George W. Christopher, COL Edward M. Eitzen, Jr., "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 400-401, 407.

[11] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases handbook, "Medical Management of Biological Casualties," 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 91.

[12] Franz, COL David R., Peter B. Jahrling, COL Arthur M. Friedlander, David J. McClain, COL David L. Hoover, COL Russell Bryne, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, Lt Col George W. Christopher, COL Edward M. Eitzen, Jr., "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 407-408.

[13] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, NY, 1996, p. 208.

[14] US Government White Paper, "Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction," February 13, 1998, web site www.state.gov/www/regions/nea/iraq_white_paper.html (as of March 2, 2000).

[15] Memorandum from VP Task Force, Defense Intelligence Agency, Subject: "Iraqi Biological Warfare Capabilities," [undated], p. 1-2.

[16] Defense Intelligence Agency memorandum, Subject: "Responses to Representative Kennedy’s Questions of February 22, 1994," March 2, 1994, p. 1;  Armed Forces Medical Intelligence memorandum, Subject: "Information on Iraq's Biological Warfare Program," November 12, 1993, p. 1The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, NY, 1996, p. 784; and Central Intelligence Agency, Report, Subject: "Intelligence Related to Possible Sources of Biological Agent Exposure During the Persian Gulf War," p. 3, 6-8.

[17] O'Hearn, Michael R., Thomas R. Dashiell, and Mary Frances Tracy, "Chemical Defense Equipment," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 366.

[18] Eitzen, COL Edward M., Jr., "Use of Biological Weapons," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 440.

[19] O'Hearn, Michael R., Thomas R. Dashiell, and Mary Frances Tracy, "Chemical Defense Equipment," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 371.

[20] US Central Command After Action Report, "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare," March 12, 1991, [unnumbered].

[21] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Vaccine Use During the Gulf War," (Information Paper), December 7, 2000, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/va. 

[22] Some Coalition countries had biological detection units in the theater as well. For example, the British deployed the 1 Field Laboratory Unit, made up of nine specialist vehicles stationed with British units. See United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, "A Review of the Activities of the 1 Field Laboratory Unit and Suggested Biological Warfare Agent Detections during Operation Granby," May 2000, web site http://www.mod.uk/index.php3?page=998 (as of July 25, 2000).

[23] Now the 203rd Military Intelligence Battalion, the Foreign Materiel Intelligence Battalion was the unit's name during the war; correspondence generally referred to it as the FMIB. Lead Sheet 21738, Interview with operations officer, 203rd Military Intelligence Battalion, February 22, 1999, p. 2.

[24] 513th Military Intelligence Brigade message, Subject: "513th Commander's SITREP 014," 302230Z AUG 90.

[25] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[26] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[27] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[28] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered], paragraphs 1 b (3) and (4).

[29] Lead Sheet 15514, Interview with commander, 9th Chemical Detachment, July 22, 1997, p. 1.

[30] Drushal, CPT Jon, "Biological Operations During Desert Storm," The Chemical Review, United States Army Chemical School, Ft McClellan, Alabama, January 1997, p. 36-37.

[31] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[32] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Medical Surveillance During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm" (Information Paper), November 6, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/nfl/.

[33] US Central Command After Action Report, "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare," March 12, 1991, [unnumbered].

[34] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, web site www.usamriid.army.mil/general/index.html (as of Jan 7, 2000).

[35] Lead Sheet 25390, Interview with chairman, Chemical Biological Agent Technical Evaluation Board, November 17, 1999, p. 1.

[36] Lead Sheet 18308, Interview with sergeant first class team leader, 9th Chemical Detachment, December 2, 1997, p. 1, 2.

[37] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Medical Surveillance During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm" (Information Paper), November 6, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/nfl/.

[38] US Central Command NBC desk log entries, 241230 [Feb 91], 241915 [Feb 91], pg. 25, 26.

[39] Lead Sheet 15522, Interview with operations officer, Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, January 11, 1998, p. 2, 3.

[40] Routing and transmittal slip from the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center, No subject, January 23,.

[41] Routing and transmittal slip from the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center, No subject, January 23,.

[42] US Central Command message, Subject: "Biological Sample Collection and Processing," 101938Z FEB 91, p. 6.

[43] US Army Central Command message, Subject: "Biological and Chemical Detection Teams," 210915Z FEB 91. p. 2.

[44] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," Annex A (Operational Concept), March 13, 1991, p. 1.

[45] Lead Sheet 14159, Interview with chief, Special Pathogens Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, April 7, 1998, p. 1.

[46] Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Technical Report CRDEC-TR-377, Subject: "Evaporation of Agents from Saudi Arabian Soils," Vol. 1, "Mustard," July 1992, p. 33, 34, 36, 37.

[47] US Central Command message, Subject: "Biological Sample Collection and Processing," 101938Z FEB 91, p. 3, 4.

[48] US Central Command message, Subject: "Biological Sample Collection and Processing," 101938Z FEB 91, p. 3, 4.

[49] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[50] US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Desert Shield Escorts," July 27, 1994, p. 2; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Department of the Army Form 1594, Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log, January 26 – 27 1991, p. 1, 2; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number B," [undated], p.  1 - 4; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number C," [undated], p.  1- 7; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number D," [undated], p.  1- 13; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number E," [undated], p.  1- 8; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number F," [undated], p.  1 - 4; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number G," [undated], p.  1 - 8; US Army Technical Escort Unit, Memorandum, Subject: "Ground Team Trip Report, Number H," [undated], p.  1 - 32.

[51] Eitzen, COL Edward M., Jr., "Use of Biological Weapons," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 441, 443.

[52] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," Annex A (Operational Concept), "Synopsis," March 13,1991, p. 3.

[53] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "An Nasiriyah Southwest Ammunition Storage Point" (Case Narrative), September 26, 2000, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/an_iii/.

[54] Lead Sheet 18308, Interview with sergeant first class team leader, 9th Chemical Detachment, December 2, 1997, p. 2.

[55] Lead Sheet 7834, Interview with NBC officer, 513th Military Intelligence Brigade, December 10, 1997, p. 2.

[56] Lead Sheet 16321, Interview with staff sergeant, field sampling team member, 9th Chemical Detachment, December 8, 1997, p. 2.

[57] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 31, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[58] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," Annex A (Operational Concept), "Synopsis," March 13, 1991.

[59] Lead Sheet 16323, Interview with field sampling team member, 9th Chemical Detachment, December 23, 1997, p. 2.

[60] 513th Military Intelligence Brigade message, Subject: "Possible Presence of Biological and Chemical Agents," 241300Z FEB 91, Section 1 of 2, p. 2.

[61] 513th Military Intelligence Brigade message, Subject: "Possible Presence of Biological and Chemical Agents," 241300Z FEB 91, Section 1 of 2, p. 2. US Central Command NBC desk log entries, 241230 [Feb 91], 241915 [Feb 91], 252300 [Feb 91], p. 25, 26, 30.

[62] Lead Sheet 16324, Interview with sampling team staff sergeant, 9th Chemical Detachment, March 10, 1998, p. 2.

[63] US Navy Medical Research and Development Command memorandum to US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "BW Test Kits," January 28, 1991.

[64] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Disease Assessment Division, memorandum to US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "Status of Environmental Samples Obtained from Samplers on 4-5 Feb, 1991," February 6, 1991, p. 2.

[65] 513th Military Intelligence Brigade Chemical Officer, Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Biological Monitoring," February 18, 1991, p. 1, 2.

[66] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," Enclosure 2 to Appendix 4 to Annex B, March 13, 1991.

[67] 513th Military Intelligence Brigade message, Subject: "Possible Presence of Biological and Chemical Agents," 241300Z FEB 91, Section 1 of 2, p. 2. US Central Command NBC desk log entries, 241230 [Feb 91], 241915 [Feb 91], 252300 [Feb 91], p. 25, 26, 30.

[68] Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, "Final Report," December 31, 1996, p. 38.

[69] Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Records Abstract listing, Anthrax and Nuclear Weapon, October 9, 1996; Record of Inpatient Treatment, USAF Regional Medical Center, Wiesbaden, April 6, 1991-April 10, 1991; Air Force Form 560, Authorization and Treatment Statement, April 10, 1991; Department of Defense Form 602, Patient Evacuation Tag, April 5, 1991; Department of the Army Form 3647, Inpatient Treatment Record, March 6-19, 1991; Standard Form 502, Medical Record, March 6, 1991-March 19, 1991; Department of the Army Form 3647, Inpatient Treatment Record, March 3-6, 1991; Optional Form 275, Transfer Summary, March 3, 1991; Department of the Army Form 3647, Inpatient Treatment Record, February 27, 1991; Standard Form 504, Clinical Record, March 6, 1991; DA Form 3647, Inpatient Treatment Record, October 10-25, 1990; Department of Defense Form 602, Patient Evacuation Tag, October 8, 1990.

[70] US Central Command After Action Report, "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare," March 12, 1991.

[71] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Chief, Bacteriology Division memorandum to Disease Assessment Division, Subject: "Analysis of samples received September 28, 1990," October 1, 1990.

[72] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bacteriology Division memorandum to Disease Assessment Division, Subject: "Analysis of samples SPS:90.00014A and SPS:90.00014B," November 5, 1990, p. 2.

[73] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, (compact disk).

[74] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center message, Subject: "Sheep and Goat Disease," 010800Z OCT 90, p. 2.

[75] Lead Sheet 14159, Interview with chief, Special Pathogens Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, April 7, 1998, p. 1.

[76] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Medical Surveillance During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm" (Information Paper), November 6, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/nfl/.

[77] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center message, Subject: "Sheep and Goat Disease," 010800Z OCT 90, p. 2.

[78] US Central Command After Action Report, "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare," March 12, 1991, [unnumbered].

[79] United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, web site www.mod.uk/policy/gulfwar/info/animals.htm (as of March 27, 2000), Conclusion, paragrah 50.

[80] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," p. 2, Annex A (Operational Concept), p. 1, and "Synopsis," March 13, 1991, p. 3.

[81] Lead Sheet 14159, Interview with chief, Special Pathogens Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, April 7, 1998, p. 1, 2.

[82] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," March 20, 1991, [unnumbered].

[83] Lead Sheet 7370, Interview with commander, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, September 12, 1996, p. 1.

[84] Lead Sheet 25390, Interview with chairman, Chemical Biological Agent Technical Evaluation Board, November 17, 1999, p. 1.

[85] Lead Sheet 15522, Interview with operations officer, Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, January 11, 1998, p. 4.

[86] Lead Sheet 21738, Interview with operations officer, 203rd Military Intelligence Battalion, March 1, 2000, p. 1.

[87] Lead Sheet 14159, Interview with chief, Special Pathogens Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, April 7, 1998, p. 1.

[88] Hyams, CDR Kenneth C., CAPT August L. Bourgeois, CAPT Joel Escamilla, LCDR James Burans, and CAPT James N. Woody, "The Navy Forward Laboratory during Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm," Military Medicine, Volume 158, November 1993, p. 731.

[89] Headquarters, 3rd Medical Command memorandum, Subject: "After Action Review/Command Historical Report, 3rd Medical Command, 1 August 1990-26 April 1991," April 27, 1991, p. 1-4.

[90] US Air Force, "Task Force III Desert Shield/Storm - Aerospace Medicine Consolidated After-Action Report," May 22, 1991, p. 1-3, 132-136; Department of the Navy, Commander Seventh Fleet letter, Subject: "Medical Operations During Operation Desert Storm," November 9, 1991.

[91] US Central Command After Action Report, "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare," March 12, 1991 [unnumbered].

[92] Lead Sheet 15514, Interview with commander, 9th Chemical Detachment, July 22, 1997, p. 1.

[93] Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center, "Historical Report Operation Desert Storm," Military History 9th Chemical Detachment, March 20, 1991, p. 3.

[94] Memorandum from XM2 liaison officers, Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Subject: "XM2/PM10 Biological Aerosol Sampler in Desert Storm," Annex A (Operational Concept), "Synopsis," March 13, 1991.

[95] Franz, COL David R., Peter B. Jahrling, COL Arthur M. Friedlander, David J. McClain, COL David L. Hoover, COL Russell Bryne, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, Lt Col George W. Christopher, COL Edward M. Eitzen, Jr., "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 399.

[96] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," February 21, 1996, p. Glossary-0.

[97] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 685.

[98] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 316.

[99] Sidell, Frederick R., John S. Urbanetti, William S. Smith, and Charles G. Hurst, "Vesicants," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 218.

[100] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 540.

[101] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 581

[102] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, [on compact disk].

[103] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," Table 2-3, December 12, 1990, p. 19.

[104] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 792.

[105] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," Table 2-4, December 12, 1990, p. 21.

[106] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 892.

[107] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition., ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p. 911.

[108] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases handbook, "Medical Management of Biological Casualties," 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 16.

[109] Eitzen, COL Edward M., Jr., "Use of Biological Weapons," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 441.

[110] Franz, COL David R., Peter B. Jahrling, COL Arthur M. Friedlander, David J. McClain, COL David L. Hoover, COL Russell Bryne, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, Lt Col George W. Christopher, COL Edward M. Eitzen, Jr., "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 400-401.

[111] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases handbook, "Medical Management of Biological Casualties," 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 15, 17.

[112] Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd edition, ed. John H. Dirckx, M.D., Baltimore, Maryland, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, [on compact disk].

[113] Friedlander, Arthur M., "Anthrax," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 473.

[114] Ivins, B.E., P.F. Fellows, M.L.M. Pitt, J.E. Estep, S.L. Welkos, P.L. Worsham, and A.M. Friedlander, "Efficacy of a standard human anthrax vaccine against Bacillus anthracis aerosol spore challenge in rhesus monkeys," Salisbury Medical Bulletin, Special Supplement No. 87, 1996, p. 125-126.

[115] Friedlander, Arthur M., "Anthrax," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 474.

[116] Department of the Army information paper, Subject: "Production of Large Quantities of Botulinum Toxin and Anthrax PA Protein for Use in the Development of Medical BW Defense Measures," December 17, 1990, p. 1.

[117] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 87, 91.

[118] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 86, 87.

[119] Middlebrook, John L. and David R. Franz, "Botulinum Toxins," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 651.

[120] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 108, 109.

[121] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, NY, 1996, p. 784.

[122] Wannemacher, Robert W., Jr., and Stanley L. Wiener, "Trichothecene Mycotoxins," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 656.

[123] Wannemacher, Robert W., Jr., and Stanley L. Wiener, "Trichothecene Mycotoxins," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 658-659.

[124] Wannemacher, Robert W., Jr., and Stanley L. Wiener, "Trichothecene Mycotoxins," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 658-659.

[125] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 107.

[126] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 107.

[127] US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, web site http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap41.html (as of March 31, 2000).

[128] Franz, COL David R., "Defense Against Toxin Weapons," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 607.

[129] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center message, Subject: "AFMIC Special Weekly Wire 32-90," [date time group redacted].

[130] Defense Intelligence Agency memorandum, Subject: "Responses to Representative Kennedy's Questions of February 22, 1994," March 2, 1994, p. 1.

[131] Kadlec, Robert P., Allen P. Zelicoff, and Ann M. Vrtis, "Biological Weapons Control Prospects and Implications for the Future," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 278, No. 5, August 6, 1997, p. 354.

[132] US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, web site http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap41.html (as of March 31, 2000)

[133] Berry, Colin L., "The Pathology of Mycotoxins," Journal of Pathology, Vol. 154, London, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1988, p. 301-311.

[134] Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th edition, ed. Mary O. Amdur, et al, New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Health Professions Division, 1993, p. 846-847.

[135] Zilinskas, Raymond A., "Iraq's Biological Weapons: The Past as Future?" Journal of the American Medical Association, August 6, 1997, Vol. 278, No 5, p. 421.

[136] US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, web site http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap41.html (as of March 31, 2000).

[137] Lead Sheet 16042, Interview with deputy chief, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toxinology Division, April 14, 1998, p. 1.

[138] Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Reference Document PC-1610-12-94 (SECRET), Subject: "Biological Warfare Concepts: A Tutorial" (U), Table 6, July 1994, p. 13.

[139] Franz, COL David R., "Defense Against Toxin Weapons," "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare," eds. Frederick R. Sidell, COL Ernest T. Takafuji, and COL David R. Franz, "Part I, Warfare, Weapons, and the Casualty," Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, eds. BG Russ Zajtchuk and COL Ronald F. Bellamy, Office of the Surgeon General, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 606.

[140] US Government White Paper, "Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction," Appendix A, February 13, 1998, web site www.state.gov/www/regions/nea/iraq_white_paper.html (as of March 2, 2000).

[141] Defense Intelligence Agency memorandum, Subject: "Iraqi Biological Warfare Capabilities," date redacted.

[142] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 41.

[143] US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 3rd edition, Frederick, Maryland, July 1998, p. 40-43.



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