END NOTES

[1] An acronym listing/glossary is at Tab A.

[2] "Defense Ministry Pours Doubt on Gulf War Illnesses Claims," FBIS AU0907193793.

[3] Czech Ministry of Defense Report, "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents," September 1997. In October 1993, the Czech Ministry of Defense first released the report of "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents." During the Special Assistant's visit to Prague in September 1997, the Czech Ministry of Defense provided him with this more current version of the official Czech Ministry of Defense Report.

[4] CENTCOM NBC logs, Daily Staff and Duty Officer Logs, etc.

[5] CENTCOM Log Investigation, CMAT 1998027-0000004, Prepared statement by CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer.

[6] US Department of Defense News Briefing, Washington, DC, November 10, 1993.

[7] US Department of Defense News Briefing, Washington, DC, November 10, 1993.

[8] The Defense Science Board is a Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense.

[9] Lederberg, Joshua, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Terms of Reference.

[10] Lederberg, Joshua, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994.

[11] PGIIT Report, Coalition Chemical Detections and Health of Coalition Troops in Detection Area. August 5, 1996.

[12] US Department of Defense News Briefing, Washington, DC, August 22, 1996.

[13] Memorandum for Deputy Secretary of Defense from Bernard Rostker, Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. "Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses Trip Report Information Memorandum." October 1997.

[14] Memorandum to Senator Nunn and Senator Thurmond from Senator Shelby, "Subject: Report on Trip to Investigate Persian Gulf Syndrome." March 17, 1994.

[15] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 21, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[16] Czech Ministry of Defense Report, "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents," September 1997.

[17] Czech Ministry of Defense Report, "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents," September 1997.

[18] For more detailed descriptions about the Czech detection equipment see Tab D.

[19] Czech Ministry of Defense Report, "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents," September 1997.

[20] A technical description of the Czech and French equipment is located in Tab D.

[21] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 76-78. "Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact Judi Shetterly, CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC website (http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil/)."

[22] Gander, T.J., ed., "Jane's NBC Protection Equipment 94," Eighth Edition, 1995-1996, Surry, UK, 1995, p. 144.

[23] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 94-95.

[24] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 106-107.

[25] Defense Intelligence Agency message 021952Z, Subject: Czech Republic: Gulf War Chemical Agent Detections, August 1994.

[26] Cordesman, Anthony H. and Abraham R. Wagner, "The Gulf War," The Lessons of Modern War, Volume IV, 1996, p. 168-170.

[27] Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress, "Title V Report: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War," April 1994, p. 500.

[28] Cordesman, Anthony H. and Abraham R. Wagner, "The Gulf War," The Lessons of Modern War, Volume IV, 1996, p. 168-170.

[29] For more detailed descriptions about the French detection equipment see Tab D.

[30] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 149 and 171.

[31] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 148-149.

[32] Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, October 1995, p. 162-163.

[33] The US M256A1 Kit is as sensitive as some of the Czech equipment; however, it is more susceptible to false positives.

[34] Ember, Louis R., "Chemical Warfare Agent Detectors Probe the Fogs of War," Chemical and Engineering News&EN, August 1, 1994, p. 26-32.

[35] US Central Command (CENTCOM) News Briefing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, February 4, 1991.

[36] Memorandum for Deputy Secretary of Defense from Bernard Rostker, Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. "Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses Trip Report Information Memorandum." October 1997.

[37] US Department of Defense News Briefing, Washington, DC, November 10, 1993.

[38] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[39] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[40] Congressional Record, " Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[41] The CHP-71 could register a positive result for any cholinesterase inhibiting organophosphate compound, which includes many agricultural insecticides.

[42] The Shelby report mentions that both units collected an air sample

[43] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[44] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[45] Department of Defense Intelligence Document, December 19, 1997. CMAT #1997357-0000038.

[46] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[47] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[48] US Department of Defense News Briefing, Washington, DC, November 10, 1993.

[49] Testimony of LTC Jimmy E. Martin, PGIIT, and Ms. Sylvia L. Copeland, Central Intelligence Agency, before the Presidential Advisory Committee, May 1, 1996.

[50] Department of Defense Intelligence Document, December 19, 1997. CMAT #1997357-0000038.

[51] Interview with Deputy Chemical Officer for ARCENT, Lead ID 5319, April 7, 1997.

[52] Defense Intelligence Agency, "Chemical and Biological Warfare in Desert Storm." April 1994.

[53] Tuite, James J., "Report on the Fallout from the Destruction of the Iraqi Chemical Research, Production and Storage Facilities into Areas Occupied by US Military Personnel During the 1991 Persian Gulf War." 1996.

[54] Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

[55] Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

[56] Central Intelligence Agency, "Update on Potential Mustard Agent Release at Ukhaydir Ammunition Storage Depot." September 4, 1997.

[57] Department of Defense, "IIR 6 021 0196 96 Iraqi Fallujah, Khamisiyah, and An Nasiriyah Chemical Warfare Related Sites," May 20, 1996.

[58] Memorandum for the Record Al Muthana Strike Process. June 2, 1998. CMAT # 1998156-0000014.

[59] Central Intelligence Agency, "Update on Potential Mustard Agent Release at Ukhaydir Ammunition Storage Depot." September 4, 1997.

[60] Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

[61] Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Report on Intelligence Related to Gulf War Illnesses," August 2, 1996.

[62] Department of Defense, "IIR 6 021 0196 96 Iraqi Fallujah, Khamisiyah, and An Nasiriyah Chemical Warfare Related Sites," May 20, 1996.

[63] Department of Defense, "IIR 6 021 0196 96 Iraqi Fallujah, Khamisiyah, and An Nasiriyah Chemical Warfare Related Sites," May 20, 1996.

[64] For more information about this facility can be found in the case narrative titled, An Nasiriyah Southwest Ammunition Storage Point.

[65] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[66] Congressional Record, "Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[67] Czech Ministry of Defense Report, "The Czechoslovak Chemical Defense Unit in the Persian Gulf and Findings of the Investigation Concerning Possible Use of Combat Toxic Agents." September 1997.

[68] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997. "Reprinted with Permission of Applied Science and Analysis, Inc."

[69] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[70] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[71] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[72] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[73] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[74] "Czech Detection of CW Agents in the Gulf: A Personal Experience," The ASA Newsletter, Number 97-1, Issue 58, February 7, 1997.

[75] Interview with ARCENT Chemical Officer, Lead ID 5318, April 4, 1997.

[76] FM 3-100 NBC Operations, Department of the Army, Washington DC, September 17, 1985.

[77] Interview with ARCENT Chemical Officer, Lead ID 5318, April 4, 1997.

[78] CENTCOM Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) Log entry 192246, January 19, 1991.

[79] The "2% HD rising to 3%HD" could be reference 2 mg/l or .002 mg/m3.

[80] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 27, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[81] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 28, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[82] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 27, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[83] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 27, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[84] Lederberg, Joshua, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Appendix B.

[85] XVIII Airborne Corps Daily Staff Journal. 1910, January 19, 1991.

[86] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 27, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[87] CENTCOM NBC Log Investigation, Interview with CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer. January 21, 1997. CMAT #1998027-0000004.

[88] The CENTCOM NBC Watch Officer's frustration was explained in Incident 2.

[89] CENTCOM Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) Log entry 201710, January 20, 1991.

[90] CENTCOM Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) Log entry 210520, January 21, 1991.

[91] Intelligence Spot Report January 22, 1991. CMAT# 1996299-012-0000004.

[92] The United Nations, Blue Book Series, Volume IX: The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996, New York, NY: Department of Public Information, United Nations, 1996, pp. 732-736.

[93] CENTCOM Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) Log entry 211540, January 21, 1991.

[94] The United Nations, Blue Book Series, Volume IX: The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996, New York, NY: Department of Public Information, United Nations, 1996, pp. 656-657.

[95] 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Command Tactical Operations Center Journal Sheet, 210825 and 211050.

[96] Lederberg, Joshua, "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Appendix B.

[97] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[98] CIA Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Update on Potential Mustard Agent Release at Ukhaydir Ammunition Storage Depot," September 4, 1997.

[99] Congressional Record, "Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[100] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[101] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[102] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[103] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[104] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[105] Defense Intelligence Agency, Report to the Defense Science Board, "Intelligence Assessment of the Chemical and Biological Warfare in the Gulf," September 25, 1995.

[106] Congressional Record, "Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[107] Defense Intelligence Agency, IIR 6 884 0068 94 "Chemical Weapons in Saudi Arabia." January 9, 1994.

[108] Testimony of LTC Jimmy E. Martin, PGIIT, and Ms. Sylvia L. Copeland, CIA, before the Presidential Advisory Committee, May 1, 1996.

[109] Congressional Record, "Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[110] Congressional Record, "Senator Shelby's Conclusions on the Persian Gulf Syndrome," Report to the 103rd Congress, March 17, 1991, p. S3100.

[111] The CENTCOM log investigation was formally handed over to the Department of Defense Inspector General on March 3, 1997. A copy of the Inspector General's findings is located on GulfLINK.

[112] Headquarters, Department of the Army, Navy and Air Force, FM 3-9, Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Washington, DC, December 1990.

[113] Headquarters, Department of the Army, Navy and Air Force, FM 3-9, Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Washington, DC, December 1990.

[114] Headquarters, Department of the Army, Navy and Air Force, FM 3-9, Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, Washington, DC, December 1990.

[115] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This Chemical Weapons Convention was opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. It has been signed by 165 States and ratified or acceded by 106 States (as of February 1998). It was signed by the U.S. on January 13, 1993 and ratified on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the Convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. Other protocols and guidelines were found in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment Of Unusual Events In Relation To Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation Of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defense, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army FM 3-4/USMC FMFM 11-9, NBC Protection, May 1992; Army FM 8-285/NAVY NAVMED P-5041/AFJMAN 44-149/MARINE CORPS FMFM 11-11 (adopted as NATO FM 8-285), Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, US Army FM 19-20, Law Enforcement Investigations, Headquarters , Department of The Army, November 25, 1985, and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas for the development of this DoD methodology.

[116] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[117] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[118] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[119] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[120] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[121] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 76.

[122] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[123] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[124] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[125] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[126] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[127] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 94.

[128] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[129] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[130] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[131] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[132] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[133] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[134] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[135] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 106-107.

[136] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 148.

[137] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 148.

[138] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 148.

[139] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 148.

[140] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 148.

[141] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 163.

[142] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 163.

[143] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 163.

[144] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 163.

[145] Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, p. 163.

 



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