[1]
An acronym and abbreviation listing is provided at Tab A.[2] Manley, Thomas F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0009, July 1991, p. 11.
[3] Manley, Thomas F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0009, July 1991, p. 11.
[4] Manley, Thomas F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0009, July 1991, p. 48.
[5] Testimony of GySgt George J. Grass, Task Force Ripper Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996; Testimony of CWO3 Joseph P. Cottrell, Task Force Ripper NBC officer, at the hearing before the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, November 18, 1993, p. 10; Memorandum from 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, Subject: "Statement of Chemical Threat during Persian Gulf War," April 6, 1994; Memorandum from 2d Marine Division NBC officer, Subject: "Reports of Chemical Agent Detection During Operation Desert Storm," May 25, 1994, p. 1-2; Testimony of CWO5 Robert James, I Marine Expeditionary Force NBC officer, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997;
[6] "Possible Chemical Warfare Agent Release," Standalone Version of Chapter 11, Department of Defense Intelligence Oversight Committee Report (draft), Iraqi Chemical Warfare: Analysis of Information Available to DoD (U), June 9, 1997, p. 15-16.
[7] Eddington, Patrick, Gassed in the Gulf, Washington, DC, Insignia Publishing, 1997, p. 37, 38, 42, 130.
[8] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "US Marine Corps Minefield Breaching Operations" (Case Narrative), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/marine/.
[9] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
[10] Two minefield belts (sometimes called obstacle belts in unit logs) extended from the Persian Gulf, generally across south central Kuwait below the Al Burqan oil fields and north of the Al Wafrah oil fields. "Minefield depth varied from 60 to 150 meters and each belt was enclosed on all four sides with concertina wire or ... barbed wire ... reinforced with engineer stakes." "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0004, July 1991, p. 3-4.
[11] Department of Defense Final Report to Congress, "Conduct of the Persian Gulf War," April 1992, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, p. 265.
[12] For example, the "Iraqis Artillery will use maximum chemical rounds until neutralized...." 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, "2d AA Bn Operation Order 2-91," February 21, 1991, p. 1.
[13] For example: "Commanders Intent. I intend to pass as quickly as possible from our Breach Assembly Areas to the far side of the breach and into a defensive position...." 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, "2d AA Bn Operation Order 2-91," February 21, 1991, p. 3.
[14] Letter from commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, Subject: "Operation Desert Storm 1st Battalion, 7th Marines Maneuver Synopsis," March 14, 1991.
[15] Testimony of LtGen Carlton W. Fulford, Jr., before the Armed Services Committee, US Senate, February 27, 1997, p. 18.
[16] The intelligence community is comprised of the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Department of State), National Security Agency, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, military services' intelligence staffs and centers, and several other organizations within the Departments of Defense, Treasury, Justice, and Energy. Intelligence related to military efforts includes information at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Central Intelligence Agency, "Factbook on Intelligence," 1997, web site www.odci.gov/cia/publications/facttell/intcomm.htm (as of July 2, 1999).
[17] Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence," April 9, 1997, p. 1.
[18] Although there were unconfirmed reports of mustard-filled mortar rounds, UNSCOM found none in their post-war investigations. The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 141, "Fourth report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 502.
[19] Watts, Barry D. and Dr. Thomas A. Kearny, Gulf War Air Power Survey, Volume II, Operations and Effects and Effectiveness, US Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 109.
[20] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 141, "Fourth Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 502.
[21] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 141, "Fourth Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 502.
[22] For additional Fox information, see the glossary found at Tab A and Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[23] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 3, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[24] Memorandum from 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, Subject: "Statement of Chemical Threat during Persian Gulf War," April 6, 1994, p . 1; Lead Sheet #19846, Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force NBC reconnaissance platoon NCO, October 29, 1998, p. 1.
[25] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 2-7, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[26] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, August 26, 1999, p. 3, 4.
[27] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Change 2, April 21, 1995, Chapter 1, p. 34.
[28] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 8, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[29] Testimony of Mr. Richard Vigus, CBDCOM Fox subject matter expert, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[30] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 2, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/; US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (FOX) Operations - Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures," August 10, 1994, p. 5-2, 5-3; Lead Sheet #23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, March 1, 1999, p. 1, August 26, 1999, p. 3.
[31] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, March 1, 1999, p. 2.
[32] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[33] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, August 26, 1999, p. 4.
[34] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 10, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[35] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Reported Detection Of Chemical Agent, Camp Monterey, Kuwait" (Case Narrative), December 8, 1999, p. 2, 4, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/camp_mont2/.
[36] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 15, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[37] Facsimile from program manager, NBC Defense Systems, Subject: "Interferents," December 7, 1998.
[38] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of June 28, 1999); Lead Sheet #764, Interview of CBDCOM Fox expert, May 28, 1996, p. 1-2. The Fox expert works at the NBC Reconnaissance Systems, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (now known as the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command- SBCCOM), Edgewood, Maryland. The air volume drawn through the sampling tube is approximately 300 times LESS than in other detectors, such as the M43A1, designed specifically for vapor detection.
[39] The authoritative guidance on balancing the appropriate MOPP level to the mission is the US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992.. For more information on MOPP, see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/
[40] 7th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," April 25, 1991, p. 2-2.
[41] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 2, p. 2-16.
[42] Quilter, Charles J., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 75.
[43] Quilter, Charles J., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 78.
[44] "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0004, July 1991, p. 5. Proofing the lane requires specially equipped armored vehicles to pass through the opening made by the explosive breaching charges to prove that no mines remain that would cause damage or injury.
[45] Cureton, Charles H., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 75.
[46] Cureton, Charles H., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 128-136.
[47] Quilter, Charles J., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 77.
[48] 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991.
[49] Testimony of GySgt George J. Grass, Task Force Ripper Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996; Statement of GySgt George J. Grass, Task Force Ripper Fox commander, before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the House Government Operations and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996.
[50] Testimony of GySgt George J. Grass, Task Force Ripper Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[51] An NBC-1 report is used by the observing unit to provide initial and follow-up data concerning a chemical or biological warfare attack. US Army Field Manual 3-3, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17, "Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance," September 29, 1994, Change 1, Chapter 2, p. 2-1 - 2-3. See the glossary for descriptions of other NBC reports.
[52] Testimony of CWO3 Joseph P. Cottrell, Task Force Ripper NBC officer, at the hearing before the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, November 18, 1993, p. 9-13.
[53] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, Task Force Ripper, February 20, 1997, p. 9.
[54] Lead Sheet #735, Interview of 3d Tank Battalion NBC officer, April 26, 1996, p. 4. For more information on the M256 kit, see the glossary or Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M256 Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit" (Information Paper), July 23, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m256/.
[55] Lead Sheet #735, Interview of 3d Tank Battalion NBC officer, April 26, 1996, p. 4, 5.
[56] Lead Sheet #735, Interview of 1st Marine Division NBC officer, June 21, 1996, p. 5.
[57] No Task Force Ripper or 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment log records a reference to the 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment or Task Force Ripper encountering a chemical warfare agent during breaching operations. 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991;" 7th Marine Regiment, "7th Marine Regiment Log for February 24, 1991;" 7th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," April 25, 1991.
[58] Letter statement of Task Force Ripper Fox driver, "Possible Chemical Weapons Use During Desert Storm," December 22, 1993.
[59] Testimony of Mr. James Kenny, Task Force Ripper Fox MM-1 operator, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[60] Testimony of GySgt George J. Grass, Task Force Ripper Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[61] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of July 2, 1999).
[62] Lead Sheet #3858, Interview of CBDCOM MM-1 subject matter expert, April 17, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #748, Interview of CBDCOM Fox expert, April 30, 1996, p. 1. The reference to the Fox as a vapor-sampling device refers to the MM-1 operating in what is known as the Air/Hi Method of the Air Monitor Mode. For a discussion of MM-1 operating modes and methods see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 31, 1997, p. 6, 7, 8, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[63] "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, April 1989, abstract.
[64] 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991;" 7th Marine Regiment, "7th Marine Regiment Log for February 24, 1991;" 7th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," April 25, 1991.
[65] Lead Sheet #735, Interview of 3d Tank Battalion NBC officer, April 26, 1996, p. 4, 5; Interview of 1st Marine Division NBC officer, June 21, 1996, p. 5.
[66] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, Task Force Ripper, February 20, 1997, p. 9.
[67]1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 11, 1991.
[68] Lead Sheet #735, Interview of 3d Tank Battalion NBC officer, April 26, 1996, p. 5.
[69] A full list of the units involved in this case is provided at Tab B. Mroczkowski, Dennis P., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 2D Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 91-92.
[70] "Appendix 2 (NBC Defense) to Annex C (Operations) to 6th MARDIV OPORD 1-91," 6th Marine Regiment, February 18, 1991, p. C-2-3.
[71] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[72] "Appendix 2 (NBC Defense) to Annex C (Operations) to FragO 11-91," 6th Marine Regiment, February 22, 1991, p. C-2-1.
[73] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 31.
[74] Lead Sheet #21659, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment operations officer, February 16, 1999, p. 1.
[75] "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0004, July 1991, p. 8.
[76] Lead Sheet #23631, Interview of AAV section leader, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1999, p. 1.
[77] Interview of 1st platoon commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, May 8, 1997, p. 6-7; Interview of commander, 3d platoon, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 4-5.
[78] Mroczkowski, Dennis P., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 2D Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 45. The monograph does not mention that this Fox also alerted to the possible presence of the nerve agent sarin and the blister agent lewisite.
[79] Quilter, Charles J., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 86.
[80] Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 35.
[81] Lead Sheet #1211, Interview of weapons team corporal, 1st platoon, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, January 9, 1997, p. 2.
[82] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 10-11.
[83] 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January - 28 February 1991," Narrative Summary, NBC section (provided by the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander).
[84] Actual contamination is reported using an NBC-4 report. US Army Field Manual 3-3, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17, "Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance," Change 1, September 29, 1994, Chapter 2, p. 2-3. The glossary describes other NBC reports.
[85] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 5-6.
[86] 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January - 28 February 1991," Narrative Summary, NBC section (provided by the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander). The Marines referred to the lanes by color, then number. Although the NBC-4 report noted lewisite, the NBC log did not.
[87] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, December 19, 1996, p. 12, 13; For breaching doctrine, see "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0004, July 1991, p. 5.
[88] Lead Sheet #1211, Interview of weapons team corporal, 1st platoon, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, January 9, 1997, p. 3.
[89] 6th Marine Regiment (-)(Reinforced), "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January-28 February 1991," Sequential Listing of Significant Events - Operation Desert Storm, February 24, 1991.
[90] Memorandum from 1st platoon commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, to commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, April 2, 1991.
[91] Marine note known as a "yellow canary," 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 24, 1991.
[92] Journal, 2d Marine Division NBC platoon, February 24, 1991.
[93] 7th Marine Regiment, "7th Marine Regiment Log for February 24, 1991."
[94] US Army message form, Subject: "MARCENT Report," February 24, 1991, @ 9:55 AM.
[95] 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January - 28 February 1991," Narrative Summary, NBC section (provided by the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander).
[96] Interview of NBC officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 22, 24-25.
[97] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[98] Lead Sheet #23344, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox crewman, May 12, 1999, p. 2; Lead Sheet #20527, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox MM-1 operator, June 2, 1999, p. 4.
[99] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[100] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 1, p. 1-14.
[101] Lead Sheet #23344, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox crewman, May 12, 1999, p. 2.
[102] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[103] Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 48-49.
[104] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 33.
[105] US Army Technical Manual 3-6665-342-10, "Operator's Manual, Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) Fox XM93," Change 2, April 21, 1995, Chapter 2, p. 272, 276-278.
[106] The MM-1 operator did not recall running a temperature program or changing sampling methods. These steps would have taken time, and an examination of the times printed on the MM-1 tape indicates that these steps did not occur. Lead Sheet #20527, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox MM-1 operator, June 2, 1999, p. 4; Lead Sheet #23181, e-mail from Fox subject matter experts, October 13, 1999, p. 4, 5.
[107] Memorandum from NBC defense program manager, Subject: "Analysis of Fox MM-1 Tapes," March 3, 1997.
[108] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, December 19, 1996, p. 13; Testimony of LCpl John Laymon, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox MM-1 operator, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[109] Memorandum from NBC defense program manager, Subject: "Analysis of Fox MM-1 Tapes," March 3, 1997. CBDCOM is now known as The United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM).
[110] Bruker-Franzen Analytik, GMBH, "MM-1 User Manual," February 1987, Chapter 5, p. 8; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 11, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[111] Lead Sheet #3858, Interview of CBDCOM MM-1 subject matter expert, April 17, 1997, p. 2.
[112] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of July 2, 1999).
[113] "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, April 1989, abstract.
[114] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, August 26, 1999, p. 4.
[115] Memorandum from NBC defense program manager, Subject: "Analysis of Fox MM-1 Tapes," March 3, 1997.
[116] Letter from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, June 16, 1997.
[117] Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data," July 15, 1997.
[118] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 6, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[119] Memorandum from NBC defense program manager, Subject: "Analysis of Fox MM-1 Tapes," March 3, 1997.
[120] Letter from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, June 16, 1997.
[121] Letter from Bruker Daltonics, Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data," July 15, 1997.
[122] Lead Sheet #25196, Interview of chemical warfare expert, October 29, 1999, p. 1.
[123] Lead Sheet #25641, Interview of Central Intelligence Agency analyst, December 1, 1999, p. 2.
[124] CBDCOM Fox expert, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to Action 3---From CPT [Redacted], OSD, December 2, 1993," December 7, 1993, @ 4:59 PM.
[125] US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Intelligence Information Report 2-201-0022-92, Subject: "Inspection of Chemical Warfare Facilities (U)," October 1991.
[126] Lead Sheet #25641, Interview of Central Intelligence Agency analyst, December 1, 1999, p. 1.
[127] Lead Sheet #577, Statement of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, June 13, 1994, p. 4-6; Marine note known as a "yellow canary," 10th Marine Regiment February 24, 1991.
[128] 6th Marine Regiment (-)(Reinforced), "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January-28 February 1991," Sequential Listing of Significant Events - Operation Desert Storm, February 24, 1991.
[129] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment commanding officer, April 4, 1996, p. 5-6.
[130] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 17, 19-21, 30-32, 37-38. Sarin is normally a vapor rather than liquid hazard.
[131] Lead Sheet #25995, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, February 4, 2000, p. 3.
[132] Quilter, Charles J., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 77; Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, December 19, 1996, p. 13; Lead Sheet #577, Statement of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, June 13, 1994, p. 5.
[133] Lead Sheet #26230, CBDCOM Fox expert, e-mail message, Subject: "PSOB Questions," April 13, 1999, p. 1.
[134] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 31.
[135] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 1, p. 1-14.
[136] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of 1st Marine Division (Forward) NBC officer, June 17, 1997, p. 2.
[137] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 1, p. 1-13, 114; Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 391.
[138] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997; Lead Sheet #21659, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment operations officer, February 16, 1999, p. 1-2.
[139] 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January - 28 February 1991," Narrative Summary, NBC section (provided by the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander).
[140] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 7, 12, 13. The Fox commander chose an NBC-4 report instead of an NBC-1 report, because the Marines were not under attack, so the report was more accurately an observation of a possibly contaminated area.
[141] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[142] Lead Sheet #21659, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment operations officer, February 16, 1999, p. 1.
[143] 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January - 28 February 1991," Narrative Summary, NBC section (provided by the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander).
[144] Department of Defense Intelligence Information Report 2-340-0458-91, Subject: "Chemical Mines (U)," 1991.
[145] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, December 19, 1996, p. 13.
[146] 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period of 1 February to 28 February 1991," March 14, 1991, p. 4.
[147] Lead Sheet #21659, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment operations officer, February 16, 1999, p. 1-2.
[148] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 34.
[149] Lead Sheet #762, Interview of USMC EOD expert, May 17, 1996, p. 2.
[150] Lead Sheet #22931, Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force engineer officer, April 7, 1999, p. 3.
[151] Lead Sheet #1288, Interview of CMS, Inc. division president, February 11-12, 1997, p. 2.
[152] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 26, 1998, p. 1, 2.
[153] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 189, "Seventh Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 656-657. This table lists all munitions destroyed under UNSCOM supervision. There are no mines listed.
[154] Testimony of UNSCOM inspector before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 29, 1997.
[155] Lead Sheet #25641, Interview of Central Intelligence Agency analyst, December 1, 1999, p. 1.
[156] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 6-7.
[157] Testimony of MSgt Michael Bradford, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[158] 6th Marine Regiment (-)(Reinforced), "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January-28 February 1991," Sequential Listing of Significant Events - Operation Desert Storm, February 24, 1991, p. 4. A hand-written 6th Marines forward command post journal recorded, "1/6 reports incoming 82mm & arty." The 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment command chronology recorded, "1/6 receives incoming from 82mm mortars and artillery."
[159] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 35; Interview of 1st platoon commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, May 8, 1997, p. 13.
[160] Interview of AAV sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 81; Lead Sheet #23631, Interview of AAV section leader, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1999, p. 2; Lead Sheet #21663, Interview of AAV section leader, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 15, 1999, p. 1; Interview of 3d platoon commander, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 6.
[161] Lead Sheet #21659, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment operations officer, February 16, 1999, p. 1.
[162] Lead Sheet #21612, Interview of platoon sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 9, 1999, p. 2.
[163] Lead Sheet #22248, Interview of Marine, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, March 18, 1999, p. 2.
[164] Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 9.
[165] Mroczkowski, Dennis P., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 2D Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 45.
[166] The Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses also received information on one of the potential injuries on the 1-800 Incident Reporting Hotline.
[167] Letter from commanding officer, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, Subject: "Injuries Sustained in Combat Operations During Operation Desert Storm; Case of Sergeant [Redacted]," April 23, 1992.
[168] Statement of AAV sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, January 14, 1992.
[169] Interview of AAV sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 12-13.
[170] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, December 19, 1996, p. 12-13.
[171] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 13.
[172] Interview of AAV sergeant by I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, March 19, 1991, p. 1; Statement of AAV sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, January 14, 1992. In this 1992 statement (which was part of a package of documentation for a Purple Heart medal) this Marine stated that when he noticed the burning sensation on his hands, he immediately took out a decontamination kit. As he was applying the decontamination solution, the blisters broke on light contact and new ones started forming.
[173] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 22.
[174] Interview of platoon sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 8, 9.
[175] Interview of commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 14, 15, 21.
[176] Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 16-17, 20-21, 23-27.
[177] Statement of 1st platoon commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, April 2, 1991. Also see Interview of 1st platoon commander, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, May 8, 1997, p. 18. In this 1997 interview, the platoon commander noted that the sergeant had blisters on both hands.
[178] Statement of hospital corpsman, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, Subject: "Suspected Chemical Injury to Sgt [Redacted]," December 18, 1991.
[179] Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 29-31.
[180] Lead Sheet #3859, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment hospital corpsman, April 2, 1997, p. 1.
[181] Lead Sheet #3860, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment medical officer, April 29, 1997, p. 1.
[182] Statement of medical officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, Subject: "Suspected Wound/Resulting from Chemical Exposure on 24 February 1991, ICO [In the Case of]: Sgt [Redacted], USMC, [serial number redacted]," March 4, 1992.
[183] The circumstances of this incident and the NBC officer's description of the Marine's hand led us to believe that this unidentified Marine is the sergeant identified as the AAV crewman.
[184] Interview of NBC officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 7-8, 53.
[185] Lead Sheet #25995, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, February 4, 2000, p. 2.
[186] Lead Sheet #3860, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment medical officer, April 29, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #22111, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment medical doctor, March 10, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #21124, Interview of 2d Marine Division surgeon, January 19, 1999, p. 1.
[187] This NBC officer noted that many had heard about the injury, and the Marine was brought to him. He did not agree with the 1/6 doctor's opinion that there was no injury. He described the blisters as "classic mustard/lewisite blister agent wounds," without any graduated skin coloration between the blisters; I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, e-mail message, Subject: "Memorandum for the Record," January 15, 1997; Lead Sheet #21201, Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, January 22, 1999, p. 1.
[188] Interview of AAV sergeant, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, February 19, 1997, p. 61-62, 68.
[189] Interview of commander, 1st platoon, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, May 8, 1997, p. 34-35.
[190] Letter from commanding officer, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, Subject: "Injuries Sustained in Combat Operations During Operation Desert Storm; Case of Sergeant [Redacted]," April 23, 1992.
[191] For more information on mustard and lewisite, see The Textbook of Military Medicine, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty; Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Chapter 7, "Vesicants," Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army, 1997, p. 200.
[192] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 7.
[193] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 38-41.
[194] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 5.
[195] US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Intelligence Information Report 2-201-0022-92, Subject: "Inspection of Chemical Warfare Facilities (U)," October 1991.
[196] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 17-18.
[197] Interview of AAV sergeant by I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, March 19, 1991, p. 1-2.
[198] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 3, 4, 8.
[199] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 6.
[200] Department of Defense Material Safety Data Sheet, DoD 6050.5-LR, "Decontaminating Kit, Skin M258A1," DoD Hazardous Information System, April 1996.
[201] US Army Field Manual 3-5, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-10, "NBC Decontamination," November 17, 1993, Chapter 2, p. 1.
[202] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 8.
[203] The 1st platoon of Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, was attached to the first section of the AAV platoon. The three AAVs of section 1 were among the first vehicles to pass through lane Red 1 (ahead of the Fox). See Interview of commander, 1st platoon, Company B, 1st Armored Assault Battalion, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion, May 8, 1997, p. 6-8.
[204] Lead Sheet #18948, Interview of rifleman, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, August 28, 1998, p. 2. Also see Interview of 1st squad leader, 1st platoon, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 10.
[205] Lead Sheet #18974, Interview of hospital corpsman, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1998, p. 2.
[206] Interview of 1st squad leader, 1st platoon, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, May 8, 1997, p. 9, 17, 18. The lance corporal was a member of the 2d squad. We have been unable to locate and interview the 2d squad leader.
[207] Lead Sheet #18974, Interview of hospital corpsman, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, September 28, 1998, p. 2-3.
[208] Lead Sheet #18948, Interview of rifleman, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, September 2, 1998, p. 2-3.
[209] Interview of Fox vehicle commander, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 35.
[210] Lead Sheet #22563, Interview of staff NCOIC, 1st platoon, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, April 5, 1998, p. 1.
[211] Physician's Statement of Review, Subject: "Medical Review of Chemical Agent Exposure in Desert Storm- SSgt [Redacted]," March 1999, p. 4.
[212] Lead Sheet #21916, Interview of rifleman, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 24, 1999, p. 1.
[213] Lead Sheet #22558, Interview of rifleman, Company B, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, April 2, 1999, p. 1.
[214] Lead Sheet #23476, Interview of commander, Company F, 2d Medical Battalion, April 15, 1999, p. 1, 2, 3.
[215] 2d Medical Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 01 Jan-13 Mar 91," March 13, 1991; 2d Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 16 Jan 1991 to 28 Feb 1991," March 16, 1991; 8th Engineer Support Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 8 December 1990 Through 5 March 1991," March 12, 1991.
[216] Lead Sheet #23724, Interview of 2d Combat Engineer Battalion executive officer, June 1, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #23723, Interview of 8th Engineer Support Battalion commanding officer, June 1, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #22931, Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force engineer officer, April 7, 1999, p. 3.
[217] Lead Sheet #22931, Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force engineer officer, April 7, 1999, p. 3.
[218] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC officer, March 7, 1996, p. 8-9.
[219] 6th Marine Regiment, "Personnel Status Report, 1200 24 February to 1200 25 February 1991." A 1/6 battalion aid station doctor noted the two gunshot wounds; See Lead Sheet #22111, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment medical doctor, March 10, 1999, p. 1.
[220] Memorandum, Marine Corps Casualty Section, Subject: "Chemical Casualties During Desert Shield/Desert Storm," March 11, 1996.
[221] 6th Marine Regiment (-)(Reinforced), "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January-28 February 1991," Tab H to Supporting Documents, "Summary of Friendly Casualties."
[222] Lead Sheet #21124, Interview of 2d Marine Division surgeon, January 19, 1999, p. 1.
[223] Lead Sheet #21688, Interview of 6th Marine Regiment surgeon, February 19, 1999, p. 1.
[224] Lead Sheet #22111, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment medical doctor, March 10, 1999, p. 1.
[225] Lead Sheet #577, Statement of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, June 13, 1994, p. 4, 5.
[226] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 4-5, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[227] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[228] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)," December 2, 1999.
[229] Taken from the CBDCOM mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/hooah/pubs/cbdcom98.pdf (as of September 2, 1999).
[230] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 6, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[231] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 22-23.
[232] Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, "Detection of Chemical Weapons: An overview of methods for the detection of chemical warfare agents," p. 4, web site www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/detect.htm (as of October 12, 1999).
[233] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31.
[234] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," April 6, 1999, p. 162, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/e/02287.html (as of September 2, 1999).
[235] US Army Test and Evaluation Command, Test Operations Procedure number 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.
[236] US Army Test and Evaluation Command, Test Operations Procedure number 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.
[237] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 3-4, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[238] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," March 23, 1994, p. 181, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/f/02573.html (as of September 2, 1999).
[239] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 19.
[240] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 22, 23.
[241] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual No 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 17-18; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Chapter 2, p. 1, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[242] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31.
[243] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 40-41, 31, 39.
[244] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 30, 32-36.
[245] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[246] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 30.
[247] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[248] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 37-38.
[249] WWWebster Dictionary copyright (c) 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, web site www.m-w.com/dictionary (as of May 3, 1999).
[250] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 11, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[251] US Army Test and Evaluation Command, Test Operations Procedure number 8-2-555, "Chemical Agent Detector Kits," Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT, April 28, 1989, p. 37.
[252] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 39.
[253] US Army Field Manual 3-101, "Chemical Staffs and Units," Washington, DC, November 19, 1993, p A-III-1.
[254] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430-431. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil (as of October 19, 1999). See also Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M256 Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit" (Information Paper), July 23, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m256/.
[255] US Army Technical Manual 43-0001-26-1, "Army Equipment Data Sheets, Chemical Defense Equipment," September 30, 1991, change 4, p. 4-11.
[256] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 418-419.
[257] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 1, p. 8.
[258] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, p. 4, 5, 8, 9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.
[259] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, Chapter 2, p. 4.
[260] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 2, 8, 9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[261] US Army Field Manual 3-3, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17, "Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance," Change 1, September 29, 1994, Chapter 2, p. 2-1 - 2-4.
[262] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 14, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[263] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 14, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999). See also US Army Field Manual 3-5, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-10, "NBC Decontamination," November 17, 1993, p. V.
[264] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," March 23, 1994, www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/o/04539.html (as of September 2, 1999).
[265] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 15, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of June 25, 1999).
[266] CW Procedural Text for Chemical CORPS Field Laboratories, Book 1, Part I, Chemistry of CW Agents, Chemical Corps, Chemical and Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, January 7, 1954, p. 294; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet on HQ Mustard, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[267] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 19.
[268] Taken from the SBCCOM mission statement web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of September 2, 1999).
[269] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," April 6, 1999, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/t/06258.html (as of September 2, 1999).
[270] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention was opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. It has been signed by 165 states and ratified or acceded to by 106 states as of February 1998. It was signed by the United States on January 13, 1993, and ratified on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. Other protocols and guidelines were found in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment Of Unusual Events In Relation To Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication 5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas for developing this methodology.
[271] Mroczkowski, Dennis P., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 2D Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 45.
[272] Mroczkowski, Dennis P., "US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 2D Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm," History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, Washington, DC, 1993, Preface.
[273] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC officer, March 11, 1996, p. 9.
[274] The four Fox vehicles in the 2d Marine Division were assigned to the 6th Marine Regiment, 8th Marine Regiment, the US Army's Tiger Brigade (supporting the 2d Marine Division), and division headquarters; Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, by I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, March 20, 1991, p. 1.
[275] Lead Sheet #577, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC officer, March 11, 1996, p. 9; Interview of NBC officer, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 19, 1997, p. 19.
[276] Interview of I Marine Expeditionary Force NBC officer, February 19, 1997, p. 7.
[277] Lead Sheet #21120, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, January 14, 1999, p. 3. See Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Cement Factory" (Case Narrative), April 7, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/cement_factory.
[278] The second and third days of the ground war were February 25 and 26, 1991 (also known as G+1 and G+2 days). Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, by I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, March 20, 1991, p. 1-2.
[279] Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, by I Marine Expeditionary Force battle assessment team NBC officer, March 20, 1991, p. 1.
[280] Lead Sheet #17781, Interview of Fox commander, 2d Marine Division Headquarters Battalion, May 15, 1998, p. 1.
[281] Lead Sheet #18148, Interview of Fox MM-1 operator, 2d Marine Division Headquarters Battalion, July 20, 1998, p. 1.
[282] Lead Sheet #7311, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander, June 22, 1999, p. 3.
[283] 2d Marine Division, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 Jan to 13 Apr 91."
[284] 8th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 February to 28 February 1991 (U)," March 14, 1991.
[285] Lead Sheet #15501, Interview of 2d Marine Division operations officer, March 18, 1998, p. 1.
[286] Lead Sheet #16153, Interview of 8th Marine Regiment Fox commander, March 19, 1998, p. 1.
[287] Lead Sheet #16618, Interview of 8th Marine Regiment Fox MM-1 operator, May 15, 1998, p. 1, 2.
[288] Lead Sheet #20077, Interview Tiger Brigade Fox commander, November 9, 1998, p. 1. When discussing the 1/6 Fox alert with us, the Tiger Brigade Fox MM-1 operator expressed doubt that the three agents detected (sarin, lewisite, and HQ mustard) would all have been present at the same time; Lead Sheet #22228, Interview of Tiger Brigade Fox MM-1 operator, March 11, 1999, p. 2.
[289] Lead Sheet #18496, Interview of Tiger Brigade chemical officer, August 7, 1998, p. 2.
[290] Lead Sheet #25995, Interview of 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment Fox commander, February 4, 2000, p. 2.
[291] Lead Sheet #5651, Interview of Tiger Brigade Fox driver, August 5. 1997, p. 1.
[292] Lead Sheet #22228, Interview of Tiger Brigade Fox MM-1 operator, March 11, 1999, p. 2.
[293] Lead Sheet #23630, Interview of 8th Tank Battalion tank crewman,, December 16, 1998, p. 1, 2. According to unit records, the 8th Tank Battalion breached the minefields through lanes Red 1 and 2. See 8th Tank Battalion, "Command Chronology for the Period 26 November 1990 to 31 March 1991," April 12, 1991, p. 9.
[294] Lead Sheet #23761, Interview of commander, 1st platoon, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, June 4, 1999, p. 1.
[295] US Army Field Manual 3-5, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-10, "NBC Decontamination," November 17, 1993, Chapter 10, p. 6.
[296] Lead Sheet #23761, Interview of commander, 1st platoon, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, June 4, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #23762, Interview of commander, 3d platoon, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, June 4, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #23544, Interview of commander, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, May 21, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #23698, Interview of 8th Tank Battalion commander, May 28, 1999, p. 1.
[297] Lead Sheet #23704, Interview of staff NCO, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, June 1, 1999, p. 1.
[298] Lead Sheet #7311, Interview of 2d Marine Division NBC platoon commander June 22, 1999, p. 4.
[299] Lead Sheet #23762, Interview of commander, 3d platoon, Company C, 8th Tank Battalion, June 4, 1999, p. 1.
[300] Lead Sheet #21150, Interview of 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion NBC NCO, June 22, 1999, p. 2.
[301] 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 Feb to 28 Feb 1991," p. 27.
[302] Lead Sheet #22707, Interview of 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment commanding officer, April 23, 1999, p. 1; Lead Sheet #23540, Interview of 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment operations officer, May 21, 1999, p. 1; 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 Feb to 28 Feb 1991," p. 27. The command chronology notes that "small amounts of a chemical agent were detected on several of the vehicles." An assistant operations officer (Lead Sheet #23540) recalled that only one vehicle had agent on it.
[303] Lead Sheet #23580, Interview of commander, Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, May 21, 1999, p. 1; Interview of staff NCOIC, NBC decontamination and chemical casualty team, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, February 20, 1997, p. 48-49.
[304] "Possible Chemical Warfare Agent Release," Standalone Version of Chapter 11, Department of Defense Intelligence Oversight Committee Report (draft), Iraqi Chemical Warfare: Analysis of Information Available to DoD (U), June 9, 1997, p. 7.
[305] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
[306] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30. GAO's reference to other information includes M9 chemical warfare agent detection tape attached to the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment's Fox, a possible chemical warfare agent monitor (CAM) alert by the crew of the 1/6 Fox, and the possibility that Iraqi artillery was responsible for delivering chemical warfare agents to breaching lane Red 1 in the 2d Marine Division's area of responsibility.
[307] Memorandum from [Redacted], Subject: [Redacted], May 1, 1999. This response remains classified.
[308] "Possible Chemical Warfare Agent Release," Standalone Version of Chapter 11, Department of Defense Intelligence Oversight Committee Report (draft), Iraqi Chemical Warfare: Analysis of Information Available to DoD (U), June 9, 1997, p. 7.
[309] Department of Defense Intelligence Information Report 2-340-0458-91, Subject: "Chemical Mines (U)," 1991.
[310] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 1.
[311] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 1.
[312] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 189, "Seventh Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 656-657. In the list of all of the munitions destroyed by UNSCOM, there are no mines listed.
[313] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 26, 1998, p. 1, 2.
[314] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 2; In the Iraqi Armed Forces Manual for the Tactical Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Official Special Manual No. 469 (Appendix 2 to Annex C), there is a discussion of chemical mines and employment: "Description of a chemical mine (theory): The description of a chemical mine is a theory only for the purpose of study and discussion. However, it is the description of a real mine."
[315] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 2.
[316] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 2.
[317] Lead Sheet #14252, Interview of National Ground Intelligence Center mine warfare analyst, January 15, 1998, p. 1, 2.
[318] "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Paper #92-0004, July 1991, p. 3.
[319] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 6, 7, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.
[320] "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, April 1989, p. 19, 21.
[321] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of July 2, 1999).
[322] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," Table 18, June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/table18.gif (as of July 28, 1999).
[323] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 108.
[324] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 108.
[325] "Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria," Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Technical Report #489, April 1998, p. 21; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Chapter 2, p. 2-8, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I.htm (as of July 2, 1999).
[326] "Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria," Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Technical Report #489, April 1998, p. 21.
[327] "Evaluation of Airborne Exposure Limits for G-Agents: Occupational and General Population Exposure Criteria," Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Technical Report #489, April 1998, p. 21.
[328] For the onset of symptoms over time see US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of July 2, 1999).
[329] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of July 2, 1999).
[330] "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, April 1989, abstract.
[331] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 29.
[332] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
[333] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
[334] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
[335] US General Accounting Office, Report to the Committee on Veterans Affairs, House of Representatives, "Gulf War Illnesses; Procedural and Reporting Improvements Are Needed in DOD's Investigative Processes," February 1999, p. 30.
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